World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2019. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf. [Accessed 10 June 2021].
Hayashi S, Chandramohan D. Risk of active tuberculosis among people with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Tropical Med Int Health. 2018;23(10):1058–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13133.
Article
Google Scholar
Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies [J]. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):e152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050152.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dobler CC, Flack JR, Marks GB. Risk of tuberculosis among people with diabetes mellitus: an Australian nationwide cohort study [J]. BMJ Open. 2012;2(1):e666.
Article
Google Scholar
Ko PY, Lin SD, Tu ST, Hsieh MC, Su SL, Hsu SR, et al. High diabetes mellitus prevalence with increasing trend among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis patients in an Asian population: a nationwide population-based study. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10(2):148–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2015.09.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peleg AY, Weerarathna T, McCarthy JS, et al. Common infections in diabetes: pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.682.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stegenga ME, van der Crabben SN, Blumer RM, et al. Hyperglycemia enhances coagulation and reduces neutrophil degranulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia inhibits fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia. BLOOD. 2008;112(1):82–9. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-11-121723.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Perez A, Brown HR, Restrepo BI. Association between tuberculosis and diabetes in the Mexican border and non-border regions of Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74(4):604–11. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.604.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Widjaja SS, Rusdiana, Savira M. CD4 and its relevance to advanced glycation end products in tuberculosis patients with co-morbidity diabetes. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(11):2115–8. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.347.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Leung CC, Lam TH, Chan WM, Yew WW, Ho KS, Leung GM, et al. Diabetic control and risk of tuberculosis: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(12):1486–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn075.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leegaard A, Riis A, Kornum JB, Prahl JB, Thomsen VO, Sorensen HT, et al. Diabetes, glycemic control, and risk of tuberculosis: a population-based case-control study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(12):2530–5. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0902.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lin C, Kuo S, Hsieh M, et al. Effect of diabetes mellitus on risk of latent TB infection in a high TB incidence area: a community-based study in Taiwan [J]. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e29948.
Google Scholar
Pealing L, Wing K, Mathur R, et al. Risk of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes: Population based cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. BMC Med. 2015;13:135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0381-9.
Kumpatla S, Sekar A, Achanta S, Sharath BN, Kumar AM, Harries AD, et al. Characteristics of patients with diabetes screened for tuberculosis in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Public Health Action. 2013;3(Suppl 1):S23–8. https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.13.0035.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus--present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;8(4):228–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.183.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saudek CD, Derr RL, Kalyani RR. Assessing glycemia in diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c. JAMA. 2006;295(14):1688–97. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.14.1688.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Almeida-Junior JL, Gil-Santana L, Oliveira CAM, et al. Glucose metabolism disorder is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in individuals with respiratory symptoms from Brazil. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e153590.
Article
Google Scholar
Berkowitz N, Okorie A, Goliath R, Levitt N, Wilkinson RJ, Oni T. The prevalence and determinants of active tuberculosis among diabetes patients in Cape Town, South Africa, a high HIV/TB burden setting. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.01.018.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marupuru S, Senapati P, Pathadka S, Miraj SS, Unnikrishnan MK, Manu MK. Protective effect of metformin against tuberculosis infections in diabetic patients: an observational study of south Indian tertiary healthcare facility. Braz J Infect Dis. 2017;21(3):312–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.01.001.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martínez-Aguilar G, Serrano CJ, Castañeda-Delgado JE, Macías-Segura N, Hernández-Delgadillo N, Enciso-Moreno L, et al. Associated risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection in subjects with diabetes. Arch Med Res. 2015;46(3):221–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.03.009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan MW, Kow FP, Tang WS, et al. A cross sectional survey of pulmonary tuberculosis among elderly diabetics attending primary care clinics in Penang, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2019:50(2):325–34.
Khalil NH, Ramadan RA. Study of risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis among diabetes mellitus patients. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2016;65(4):817–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcdt.2016.05.009.
Leal ML, Maciel ELN, Cade NV. Factors associated with tuberculosis in a population of diabetics: A case-control study. Cien Saude Colet. 2019;24(9):3247–56. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018249.30392017.
Sanchez-Jimenez R, Ceron E, Bernal-Alcantara D, et al. Association between IL-15 and insulin plasmatic concentrations in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and type 2 diabetes. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2018;111:114–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.009.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Webb EA, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Gie RP, Lombard CJ, Spitaels A, et al. High prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(7):868–74.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hensel RL, Kempker RR, Tapia J, Oladele A, Blumberg HM, Magee MJ. Increased risk of latent tuberculous infection among persons with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(1):71–8. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.15.0457.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):e152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050152.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Roohk HV, Zaidi AR. A review of glycated albumin as an intermediate glycation index for controlling diabetes [J]. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008;2(6):1114–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680800200620.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Basevi V, Di Mario S, Morciano C, et al. Comment on: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2011. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl. 1): S11-S61[J]. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(5):e53–4.
Article
Google Scholar
Cohen MP, Hud E. Measurement of plasma glycoalbumin levels with a monoclonal antibody based ELISA. J Immunol Methods. 1989;122(2):279–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(89)90275-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiu H, Shi Y, Li Y, Shen X, Li R, Yang Q, et al. Incident rate and risk factors for tuberculosis among patients with type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study in Shanghai, China. Tropical Med Int Health. 2017;22(7):830–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12884.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee P, Fu H, Lai T, et al. Glycemic control and the risk of tuberculosis: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(8):e1002072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002072.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stevenson CR, Critchley JA, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, Williams BG, Dye C, et al. Diabetes and the risk of tuberculosis: a neglected threat to public health? Chronic Illn. 2007;3(3):228–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395307081502.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Restrepo BI, Fisher Hoch SP, Pino PA, et al. Tuberculosis in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: altered cytokine expression in peripheral white blood cells [J]. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(5):634–41. https://doi.org/10.1086/590565.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kassa D, Ran L, Geberemeskel W, Tebeje M, Alemu A, Selase A, et al. Analysis of immune responses against a wide range of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(12):1907–15. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00482-12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hodgson K, Morris J, Bridson T, Govan B, Rush C, Ketheesan N. Immunological mechanisms contributing to the double burden of diabetes and intracellular bacterial infections. IMMUNOLOGY. 2015;144(2):171–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12394.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Delgado JC, Baena A, Thim S, Goldfeld AE. Aspartic acid homozygosity at codon 57 of HLA-DQ beta is associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Cambodia. J Immunol. 2006;176(2):1090–7. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1090.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Collaborative framework for care and control of tuberculosis and diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011. PMID: 26290931. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310833/. [Accessed 10 June 2021].
Jabbar A, Hussain SF, Khan AA. Clinical characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in adult Pakistani patients with co-existing diabetes mellitus. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12(5):522–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar