The association of hypertriglyceridemia with cardiovascular events and pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Acarturk, 2004[13]

Prospective cohort

to investigate the relation

between age and gender differences in plasma TG and

CAD in patients with angiographically proven

CAD

patients

admitted for

diagnostic

coronary

angiography

due to chest

pain

54.9 +/-10.26

937

NR

Coronary artery

disease

Bansal, 2007[14]

Prospective cohort

To determine the association

of triglyceride levels (fasting

vs nonfasting) and risk of

future cardiovascular events.

healthy women

54.2 +/-

7.06

26,509

136.8

Months (median)

composite of

confirmed nonfatal

MI, nonfatal ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, or death due to cardiovascular causes

Barrett-Connor, 1987[15]

Prospective cohort

To examine the independent

effect of triglyceride on the prediction of cardiovascular disease after the effects of cholesterol and other heart

disease risk factors have been accounted for

healthy fasting

men without

known CVD

57.7

1,589

144 months

N/A

Bass, 1993[16]

Prospective cohort

To further explore the relationships between lipid

and lipoprotein levels and

other conventional CVD risk factors and CVD death on women

women 30

years of age

and older

58.2 +/-

5.5

1,405

Mean 168 months

N/A

Bonaventure, 2010[17]

Prospective cohort

To find the association

pattern between serum TG

and incident intracerebral hemorrhage as compared

with coronary events and ischemic stroke

Population-

based, elderly participants

free from institutionalization were recruited from the electoral

rolls of three

French cities

74.03

years

8,393

mean of 5 years

MI, hospitalized

angina pectoris, acute coronary

syndrome, coronary endovascular

dilatation, coronary bypass, or death due to a coronary event

Carlson, 1988[18]

RCT

To obtain a pronounced

serum lipid lowering by combined use of clofibrate

and nicotinic acid in an effort

to reduce the risk of IHD

Survivors of

MI < 70 years

of age

58.9 + -0.4 males and 62.5 + -0.9 females

Control group (n = 276)

60 months

N/A

Chan, 2005[19]

Prospective cohort

To examine the lipid profiles

in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients and their relationship with anthropometric parameters, glycemic control and cardiovascular mortality.

Chinese

patients with

type 2 DM

54.0 +/-

14.0

517

Mean 55.2 +/-10.8 months

N/A

Chester, 1995[20]

Prospective cohort

To determine the standard clinical or angiographic variables or both present at initial angiography associated with the development of adverse coronary events in patients awaiting routine

PTCA

Patients

awaiting

routine

percutaneous transluminal

coronary

angioplasty

(PTCA)

57

215

Median 8 months

fatal or non-fatal MI, unstable angina or angiographic new total coronary occlusion

Czernichow, 2007[21]

Prospective cohort

To investigated the

relationship of baseline 'hypertriglyceridemic waist' (HTGW) status with CVD

risk in middle-aged French

men

middle-aged

French men,

included

diabetics

51.9 +/-

4.7

3,430

90 months

new-onset angina,

fatal and non-fatal MI or stroke, transient ischemic attack,

sudden death or intermittent claudication

Drexel, 2005[22]

Prospective cohort

To evaluate the

atherogenicity of lipids in coronary patients with

normal fasting glucose

(NFG), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and type 2

DM

Caucasian

patients who

were referred

to coronary angiography

62.4 +/-

10.6

750

27.6 +/- 4.8 months

N/A

Eberly, 2003[23]

Prospective cohort

To determine whether HTG

is an independent risk factor

for coronary heart disease (CHD), and whether fasting

and nonfasting triglyceride (TG) levels are equally predictive

men at increased

risk but without clinical

evidence of

definite CHD

at baseline

46.3

2809

304.8 months

either a clinical MI or

a significant serial electrocardiogram change indicative of

MI

Egger, 1999[24]

Prospective cohort

To assess the influence of differential precision in the measurement of the

correlated variables total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol on estimates of

risk of IHD associated with

TG levels

Middle aged

men living in

the town of

Caerphilly,

South Wales,

UK

52.1 +/-

4.48

2,512

5 and 10 years after baseline

death from ischemic heart disease, clinical non-fatal MI, electrocardiographic

MI

Ellingsen, 2003[25]

Prospective cohort

to examine the effect of

group assignment on IHD mortality in subjects with normal or high fasting TG

healthy men

who had an

elevated serum

total

cholesterol concentration

or coronary

risk score

46 +/-3

1232

276 months

N/A

Gaziano, 1997[26]

Case controlled study

To examine the interrelationships of the

fasting TG level other lipid parameters and nonlipid risk factors with risk of MI.

Patients -

coronary care

and other

intensive care

units patients

(no history of

MI and angina pectoris) with

whom

symptoms of

MI had begun

24 h of

admission,

control -

residents of

home towns.

57.7 +/-

9.65

680

NR

N/A

Goldberg, 2009[27]

Prospective/

case controlled

To ascertain coronary artery disease outcomes and

predictive factors in patients with SLE and matched

healthy controls

prospectively

Patients with

systemic lupus erythematosus

(SLE) and

matched

healthy

controls

SLE cases 44.2 +/-12.2, controls 44.5 +/-

4.4

237 controls and 241 SLE cases

86.4 months

Defined as the occurrence of MI and/or angina pectoris due to atherosclerosis.

Habib, 2006[28]

Prospective cohort

To evaluate the association of serum TC and TG with

clinical outcomes in chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD)

patients.

Patients on

chronic

peritoneal

dialysis; only

in end-stage

renal disease

(ESRD) or

patients those

very ill

patients who

died rapidly

due to unrelated conditions.

57.2 +/

15.3

1,053

23 +/- 14 months

N/A

Haim, 1999[29]

Prospective cohort

To investigate the association between elevated blood triglyceride levels and subsequent mortality risk in patients with established coronary heart disease

(CHD)

patients with a diagnosis of CHD

59.76 +/- 6.96

11,546

61.2 months

N/A

Hoogeveen, 2001[30]

Case controlled study

To determine the effect of immigration to the USA ion plasma levels of lipoprotein a and other independent risk factors for CHD in Asian Indians

Asian Indians

and Asian

Indians living

in the USA

with and

without CHD

44.2 +/- 12.79

309

NR

Coronary heart disease - incidents not specifically defined

Jonsdottir, 2002[31]

Prospective cohort

To examine the relationship between the relative risk of baseline variables and

verified MI or coronary death

in individuals with no prior history of MI

male and

female from

Reykjavik and adjusted

communities

52.7 +/-

8.71

18,569

Mean 208.8 months

N/A

Lamarche, 1995[32]

Prospective cohort

To confirm the importance of both elevated plasma cholesterol and decreased

high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as risk

factors for ischemic heart disease

men without

ischemic heart

disease

57.5

2,103

60 months

Effort angina pectoris, coronary

insufficiency, nonfatal MI, and coronary

death

Lloret Linares, 2008[33]

Retrospective cohort

to assess retrospectively the prevalence and the predictive factors of acute pancreatitis (AP)

Patients

referred by

their general practitioner or

general

hospital for

very high TG

levels.

47 +/-

10.7

129

NR

N/A

Lu, 2003[34]

Prospective cohort

To determine whether non-

HDL cholesterol, a measure

of total cholesterol minus

HDL cholesterol, is a

predictor of CVD in patients with DM

American

Indians with

DM

57.28 +/-

8

2,108

108 months

Coronary heart

disease,

MI, stroke, and other CVD

Malone, 2009[35]

Prospective cohort

This study evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors

and their relationship to prevalent diagnosis of acute

MI (AMI) and stroke.

People

continuously

receiving

health

insurance

benefits during

study

56.8 +/- 0.03

170,648

24 months

N/A

Mazza, 2005[36]

Prospective cohort

To evaluate whether TG level

is a risk factor for CHD in elderly people from general population, and to look for interactions between TG and other risk factors.

elderly people

from general population

CHD in elderly

people from

general

population

73.8 +/- 5

3,257

144 months

N/A

Mora, 2008[37]

Prospective cohort

To evaluate levels of lipids

and apolipoproteins after a typical meal and to determine whether fasting compared

with non-fasting alters the association of these lipids

and apolipoproteins with incident CVD.

Healthy

women, aged

> = 45 years,

who were free

of self-

reported CVD

or cancer at

study entry and with follow-up for

incident CVD.

54.7

26,330

136.8 months

Nonfatal MI, percutaneous

coronary

intervention,

coronary artery

bypass grafting, nonfatal stroke,

or

cardiovascular

death

Noda, 2010[38]

Case controlled study

To examine the prediction of coronary risk factors and evaluation of the predictive value for MI among Japanese middle-aged male workers.

Japanese male

workers

cases 50.4 + -5.3, controls 50.4 + -5.5 years

cases 204 and controls 408

36 months

N/A

Rubins, 1999[39]

RCT

To analyze the role of raising HDL cholesterol level and lowering triglyceride levels

to reduce the rate of coronary events in patients with

existing cardiovascular

disease

men with

coronary heart

disease with

absence of

serious

coexisting

conditions

64 + -7

1267 (placebo)

61.2 months

combined incidence of nonfatal MI or death from coronary heart disease

Samuelsson, 1994[40]

Prospective cohort

To analyze the importance of DM and HTG as potential

risk factors for CHD in

middle-aged, treated hypertensive men

middle aged

treated

hypertensive

men

52 +/- 2.3

686

180 months

Non-fatal MI, a fatal MI, a death certificate statement of coronary atherosclerosis as the cause of death

Schupf, 2005[41]

Prospective cohort

To investigate the

relationship between plasma lipids and risk of death from

all causes in non demented elderly

Community-

based sample

of Medicare

recipients

without

dementia

76.1

2,277

Mean 36 +/- 30 months

N/A

Sprecher, 2000[42]

Prospective cohort

To evaluate the predictive

value of serum triglyceride levels on mortality in post coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) diabetic

patients with subsequent analysis by sex

Diabetic post

CABG patients

at a large

metropolitan

hospital

63 +/- 9

1,172

84 months

N/A

Tanko, 2005[43]

Prospective cohort

To investigate the relative utility of enlarged waist combined with elevated TG (EWET) compared with the National Cholesterol

Education Program (MS-NCEP) criteria in estimating future risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality

Postmenopausal women

60.4 +/-

7.1

557

8.5 +/- 0.3 years

N/A

Tsai, 2008[44]

Retrospective cohort

To assess the effect of a

single and a combination of "pre-disease" risk factors of metabolic syndrome on the overall and cardiac mortality.

civil servants

and teachers

40 years and

older

52.4 + -

8.0

35,259

median follow-up of 15 years

N/A

Upmeier, 2009[45]

Prospective cohort

To determine whether high levels of serum total

cholesterol and low levels of HDL are related to increased mortality in elderly

Home

dwelling older

adults residents in Finland

70 years

877

144 months

N/A

Valdivielso, 2009[46]

Prospective cohort

To study the prevalence, risk factors and vascular disease associated with moderate and sever HTG in an active

working population

Active

working

population of

Spain

36 ± 10 years

594,701

NR

documented prior medical

diagnosis of heart disease, cerebrovascular

disease or peripheral arterial disease

Wier, 2003[47]

Prospective cohort

To investigate the

relationship between triglyceride and stroke

outcome

nondiabetic

patients

presenting to

acute stroke

unit

Median

70 years

1310

mean 1195 days

N/A

Acarturk, 2004[13]

not random; all patients

admitted for diagnostic

coronary angiography

chart review, angiography results

NR

NR

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). OR expresses

increased risk per unit of serum

TG level

Bansal, 2007[14]

derived from women health study, previously completed randomized controlled trial of aspirin and vitamin E

chart review, events adjudicated by

an end point committee

adjusted for treatment

assignment to ASA,

vitamin E, beta

carotene, age, BP,

smoking status, and use

of hormone therapy,

levels of total

cholesterol and HDL-C,

history of DM, BMI,

high-sensitivity C-

reactive protein

0

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum TG level

Barrett-Connor, 1987[15]

random sample

chart review, ICD or billing codes,

death certificates

adjust by TG level, age,

BP, BMI, smoking

habit, DM, family

history of heart attack

0.5%

Compared normal to "borderline HTG", defined as TG between

240-500 mg/dL (2.7-5.65

mmol/L)

Bass, 1993[16]

subset of female participants

in the Lipid Research Clinics' Follow-up Study

chart review, annual checkups

Adjusted for age, HTN,

DM, smoking, history

of heart disease and

estrogen use

NR

Compared TG < 200 mg/dL

(< 2.25 mmol/L) to elevated 200

to 399 mg/dL (2.25 to 4.49

mmol/L) and high > 400 mg/dL (> 4.50 mmol/L)

Bonaventure, 2010[17]

not random and not consecutive: recruited from electoral rolls

Death certificates and autopsy

reports, ascertained the same way

in cases and controls

medical history of MI,

stroke, or peripheral

arterial disease, as well

as smoking and alcohol consumption status

(never, former, current),

excess weight, elevated

BP, DM, apolipoprotein

E (APOE) genotype,

low-dose aspirin intake, and lipid-lowering treatment

NR

They compared tertiles or

quintiles: TG < 83.4 mg/dL

(< 0.94), 84.2-117.8 mg/L (0.95-1.33), and > 118.7 mg/dL (1.34 mmol/L)

Carlson, 1988[18]

consecutive sample (all patients presenting with HTG)

chart review, ascertained the same

way in cases and controls, done

without knowledge of patients' TG

level

NR

13.4%

3 groups according to TG levels. Low = TG < 132.9 mg/dL (1.5 mmol/L), intermediate = TG

132.9-177.2 mg/dL (1.5-2.0 mmol/L), high = TG > 177.2 (2.0 mmol/L).

Chan, 2005[19]

not random;

consecutive patients with type 2 DM, not HPTG

chart review, death registry

Adjusted for sex

and age. stepwise linear regression with BMI,

WC, HbA1c, FPG and

HOMA as independent

variables and lipid

profile as dependent

variable

0

Unclear

Chester, 1995[20]

consecutive sample (all men presenting with HTG and are awaiting routine angioplasty)

chart review,

done without knowledge of

patients' TG level

The potential predictor

variables-that is, risk

factors assessed at

baseline angiography,

for adverse events were

analyzed using the

multiple logistic

regression models.

2

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: mmol/L

Czernichow, 2007[21]

consecutive sample

self report, chart review, ICD or

billing codes, ascertained

differently: self report in all

patients, however if a CVD event

was reported -- chart review and

ICD billing codes were reviewed

for those individuals only

Age

NR

Age-adjusted relative risk

correlate to one standard

deviation increase in TG levels

Drexel, 2005[22]

consecutive sample

follow up investigation after 2.3

years, Time and causes of death

were obtained from national

surveys, hospital records

age, sex, and use of

lipid-lowering

medication

0

Unclear

Eberly, 2003[23]

not random; likely consecutive sample: 2863 men with both nonfasting and fasting TG levels measured at screens 1 and 2

self report, chart review, ICD or

billing codes, death certificates

age, lipids subfractions,

glucose level, BP,

cigarettes smoked per

day, alcohol use, BMI

and race

0

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: mg/dL

Egger, 1999[24]

not random; likely consecutive sample: Participants of the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study

self report, chart review, ICD or

billing codes

age, all three lipid

factors, laboratory error

and within person

variation, blood

glucose and diastolic

BP, BMI, smoking and

markers for pre-existent

disease

12.5

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: mmol/L

Ellingsen, 2003[25]

not random; likely

consecutive sample: 1232

healthy men with elevated cholesterol or coronary risk

score included in the study

from a pool of 16202

screened men

chart review, ICD or billing codes, ascertained the same way in cases

and controls

adjusted for age, BMI,

cigarette smoking, total cholesterol,

triacylglycerol, glucose,

BP, dietary score,

alcohol intake, and

activity level

0

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: high TG > or = 178.1 mg/dL (2.01 mmol/L)

Gaziano, 1997[26]

not random, likely

consecutive sample:

Men/women < 76 yrs. age

with no prior history of CAD discharged from one of 6

Boston area hospitals with the diagnosis of confirmed MI

chart review, medical exam/lab

analysis,

ascertained differently: cases were interviewed 8 weeks after MI

Adjusted for age, sex,

history of HTN, history

of DM, body mass

index, type A

personality, family

history of previous MI,

alcohol consumption,

physical activity,

smoking, caloric intake

12

they compared quintiles, highest compared to lowest

Goldberg, 2009[27]

consecutive sample (all

patients presenting with HTG)

chart review, telephone calls,

ascertained the same way in cases

and controls

A time-to-event

regression model was

performed to establish

the role of baseline lipid subfractions, other

metabolic risk factors,

lifestyle variables, and demographic

characteristics in

relation to the development

of CAD.

3.8

high triglyceride level > = 248.1 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L)

Habib, 2006[28]

Data from the United States Renal Data System database collected during the

prospective Dialysis

Morbidity and Mortality

Study Wave 2 study

chart review

age, gender, race,

weight, height, primary

cause of ESRD,

hemoglobin, serum

albumin, serum calcium phosphate product,

serum bicarbonate,

residual kidney

creatinine clearance, PD parameters (dialysate

effluent volume,

dialysis creatinine

clearance, D/P creatinine ratio after a 4 h dwell), use of lipid-modifying medications and comorbidity characteristics

0

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: HR is using a

reference of TG levels 200-300

mg/dl (2.2-3.4 mmol/L)

Haim, 1999[29]

not random; likely

consecutive sample

chart review, ICD or billing codes

age, previous MI, DM,

NYHA class, HTN,

LDL cholesterol,

glucose, chronic

obstructive pulmonary

disease, peripheral

vascular disease, stroke,

angina pectoris,

smoking, and lipids

0.37

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: mg/dL

Hoogeveen, 2001[30]

Random sample

chart review, clinical exam and investigations,

ascertained the same way in cases

and controls

Logistic regression

applied but no specific adjustments are

mentioned

12

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: 10 mg/dL (0.11 mmol/L)

Jonsdottir, 2002[31]

not random; likely

consecutive: subjects of the Reykjavik Study

self report, chart review, ICD or billing codes

age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, body mass index and BP

0.6

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: mmol/L

Lamarche, 1995[32]

random sample

chart review, Examination/EKG/death certificate

Adjusted for age,

systolic BP, DM,

alcohol consumption,

and tobacco use

27

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: TG > 203.8 mg/dL (2.3 mmol/L)

Lloret Linares, 2008[33]

not random and not

consecutive: Patients referred

by their general practitioner

or general hospital for very

high TG levels to

Endocrinology Dept. between 2000 and 2005

self report, chart review

Adjusted for age at hospitalization

NR

TG: lowest 95.1-180 mg/dL

(1.1-2.0 mmol/L) vs. highest

360-1505 gm/dL (4.1-17

mmol/L).

Lu, 2003[34]

not random; likely

consecutive: cohort chosen

from the strong heart study to include only DM, no baseline CVD

through death certificates and tribal

and Indian Health Service hospital records and by direct contact of

study personnel with the study participants and their families

Adjusted for age, BMI,

smoking status, study

center, systolic BP,

HbA1c, fibrinogen,

insulin, and ratio of

albumin to creatinine

0

They compared tertiles or

quintiles: TG: lower < 111; 111-

175; higher > 175 mg/dL

(lower < 1.2; 1.2-2.0; higher > 2.0 mmol/L)

Malone, 2009[35]

Not random; likely

consecutive: Retrospective

data from 3 integrated health-care systems that

systematically collect

and store detailed patient-level data.

Chart review, ICD or billing codes

Adjusted for age, sex,

smoking status and site

N/A

lower/normal TG - 80.0 mg/dl

(0.9 mmol/L); higher TG - TG = 217.4 mg/dl (2.4 mmol/L)

Mazza, 2005[36]

random sample

chart review, ICD or billing codes, through the Register Office, general practitioners

Gender, age, DM,

obesity, lipids

subfractions, serum uric

acid, BP, smoking,

alcohol and proteinuria

0

They compared tertiles or

quintiles: TG: First (low) < 97.5 mg/dL (1.01 mmol/L); Fifth (high) > = 156.8 mg/dL (1.77 mmol/L)

Mora, 2008[37]

Random sample enrolled in

the Women's Health Study

Follow-up questionnaires every 6-

12 months

Adjusted for age,

randomized treatment assignment, smoking

status, menopausal

status, postmenopausal

hormone use, BP, DM,

and BMI

NR

They compared tertiles or

quintiles: TG: First (low) < 89.5 mg/dL (1.01 mmol/L); Fifth (high) > = 180.7 mg/dL (2.04 mmol/L)

Noda, 2010[38]

not random and not

consecutive: death related to a MI defined a case, then 2 controls were selected

randomly matched by age

Death registration from 1997-2000,

done without knowledge of

patients' TG level,

ascertained the same way in cases

and controls

Adjusted for age and 6

risk factors for MI

NR

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum TG level: High TG > = 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmoml/L)

Rubins, 1999[39]

not random and not

consecutive: to obtain

population with appropriate

lipid levels, a multi stage screening method that

included two lipid profiles obtained one week apart

chart review, clinical and radiologic

data, ascertained the same way in

cases and controls

Adjustment for baseline

variables in the Cox

models had a trivial

effect on the estimates

of the hazard ratios

2.3%

Two groups: TG < 150 mg/dl (1.7 mmol/L) and TG > 150 mg/dl (1.7 mmol/L)

Samuelsson, 1994[40]

random sample

chart review

traditional risk factors,

end-organ damage

status

NR

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: RR reported for every

88.6 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) increase

in TG level

Schupf, 2005[41]

random sample

self report, chart review,

interviewing relatives

Adjusted for age, sex,

ethnicity, and level of

education, for BMI or

APOE; a history of

HTN, DM, heart

disease, stroke, or

cancer; or current

smoking

0

They compared tertiles or

quintiles: Lowest - < = 98.9 mg/dl

(1.1 mmol/L), highest

- > 191.2 mg/dl (2.1 mmol/L); RR compared the lowest quartile to

the highest quartile.

Sprecher, 2000[42]

not random; likely

consecutive: diabetic patients undergoing primary isolated CABG between 1982 and

1992 at Cleveland Clinic

chart review, clinical exam, labs

and CVIR (Cardiovascular

Information Registry)

age, sex, left ventricular

function, coronary

anatomy, history of

HTN, BMI, and total

cholesterol

NR

highest quartile compared to

lower three quartiles (normal)

Tanko, 2005[43]

not random and not

consecutive:

recruited via a questionnaire surveys

self report, chart review: Central

Registry of the Danish Ministry of

Health

Adjusted for age,

smoking, and LDL-C),

waist circumference

NR

TG value in the blood was used

as a continuous number

(variable). Here OR expresses increased risk per unit of serum

TG level: presented as 2 cutoffs - > 128.5 mg/dL (1.45 mmol/L) - > 149.7 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L)

Tsai, 2008[44]

not random; likely

consecutive:

civil servants and teachers

who took the annual physical examination at the Taipei Outpatient Center

chart review, annual exam, national

death files

Adjusted for age,

gender, fasting glucose,

BP, BMI, smoking

NR

They compared tertiles or

quintiles: TG

normal < 150 mg/dL (1.7

mmol/L, abnormal 150 mg/dL

(1.7 mmol/L)-199 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L), and high abnormal

> 200 mg/dL (2.25 mmol/L)

Upmeier, 2009[45]

not random and not

consecutive:

mailed invitation to

participate to all residents of Turku born in 1920

Self report, chart review,

ICD or billing codes

Adjusted for gender,

body mass index,

smoking and any history

of angina pectoris,

stroke, DM, and HTN

NR

They compared TG level

quartiles, highest to lowest

Valdivielso, 2009[46]

not random; likely consecutive

Chart review and self report

age, sex, smoking,

HTN, DM, and lipids

fractions

NR

Categorized as normal when TG

was < 150 mg/dL (< 1.69

mmol/L); the remainder were considered to be HTG

Wier, 2003[47]

not random; likely

consecutive

chart review,

done without knowledge of

patients' TG level

age, time of resolution

of symptoms, smoking,

BP, presence of atrial

fibrillation and

hyperglycemia

0

They compared tertiles or

quintiles: TG, mmol/l: < = 0.9;

1.0-1.3; 1.4-1.8; > = 1.9.

Mg/dL: < = 79.7; 88.6-115.2;

124.0-159.5; > = 168.3