Table 1 The baseline characteristics of study population across tertiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI in a cross-sectional study of MetS in Iran (n = 347)

Age (years)

40.37 ± 8.77

41.03 ± 10.08

40.91 ± 8.81

0.84

38.17 ± 9.03

40.39 ± 8.94

43.30 ± 9.05

0.01

41.78 ± 9.48

40.92 ± 8.83

39.46 ± 9.28

0.16

Gender (male )

61(55.5)

65(54.6)

76(64.4)

0.24

77(72)

69(61.6)

56(43.8)

0.01

75(60)

64(55.7)

63(58.9)

0.78

WC (cm)

106.34 ± 9.68

105.67 ± 9.11

108.9.93

0.08

107.42 ± 8.97

106.69 ± 9.75

106.33 ± 10.06

0.68

107.63 ± 10.43

106.84 ± 9.38

105.73 ± 8.84

0.32

BMI(kg/m²)

32.42 ± 4.97

32.37 ± 4.53

33.07 ± 4.93

0.45

32.28 ± 4.89

32.68 ± 4.91

32.86 ± 4.66

0.64

33.06 ± 4.83

32.74 ± 4.72

31.98 ± 4.84

0.21

Weight (kg)

92.02 ± 15.27

91.13 ± 13.65

93.18 ± 14.46

0.56

94.50 ± 14.48

92.40 ± 14.44

89.86 ± 14.16

0.04

93.57 ± 14.73

92.34 ± 14.17

90.15 ± 14.28

0.19

WHR (m)

0.93 ± 0.08

0.91 ± 0.07

0.94 ± 0.07

0.01

0.95 ± 0.07

0.93 ± 0.06

0.92 ± 0.07

0.04

0.93 ± 0.06

0.93 ± 0.08

0.93 ± 4.84

0.82

FM (kg)

34.09 ± 9.26

33.13 ± 8.78

34.159.41

0.78

32.22 ± 10.11

33.37 ± 8.45

35.59 ± 8.74

0.11

35.51 ± 8.83

34.56 ± 9.95

33.37 ± 8.69

0.73

FFM (kg)

61.48 ± 13.18

61.06 ± 11.72

63.88 ± 12.18

0.36

65.28 ± 11.70

62.51 ± 12.67

59.42 ± 12.10

0.03

62.69 ± 12.81

62.63 ± 11.76

61.29 ± 12.54

0.78

Physical activity (%)

0.42

0.19

0.11

  Low

50(45.6)

51(43.3)

63(53.5)

41(37.5)

56(48.5)

66(56.1)

44(40.3)

73(61.7)

51(42.9)

  Moderate

37(33.3)

38(31.7)

23(19.7)

37(33.9)

27(22.7)

32(27.3)

34(30.6)

28(23.3)

34(28.6)

  High

23(21.1)

30(25)

32(26.8)

31(28.6)

34(28.8)

20(16.7)

32(29.2)

18(15)

34(28.6)

Marital status (%)

  Married

96(87.3)

96(80.7)

104(88.1)

0.51

92(86)

94(83.9)

110(85.9)

0.98

101(80.8)

101(87.8)

94(87.9)

0.39

SES (%)

0.45

0.02

0.51

  Low

4(3.5)

0(0)

5(4.3)

0(0)

0(0)

10(7.7)

2(1.4)

3(3.3)

4(3.6)

  Middle

54(49.1)

71(60)

59(50)

53(48.2)

56(47)

74(63.1)

53(47.9)

62(51.7)

72(60.7)

  High

52(47.4)

24(40)

54(45.7)

57(51.8)

63(53)

34(29.2)

56(50.7)

54(45)

42(35.7)

Depression (%)

0.61

0.68

0.68

  Normal

77(70.2)

89(75)

92(77.5)

89(80.4)

88(74.2)

82(69.7)

81(74)

85(71.7)

91(76.8)

  Mild

25(22.8)

18(15)

9(12.7)

15(14.3)

20(16.7)

21(18.2)

15(13.9)

26(21.7)

17(14.3)

  Moderate

8(7)

6(10)

12(9.9)

6(5.4)

11(9.1)

14(12.1)

12(11.1)

8(6.7)

10(8.9)

Education (%)

0.71

0.01

0.71

  Illiterate

11(10.6)

4(3.3)

10(8.5)

0(0)

0(0)

4(3.1)

1(1.4)

0(0)

2(1.8)

  ≤ High school/diploma

15(14)

20(16.7)

20(17.1)

16(14.3)

29(24.2)

33(27.6)

25(22.6)

24(20)

29(25)

   ≥ College degree

83(75.4)

95(80)

88(74.3)

94(85.7)

90(75.8)

82(69.2)

84(76.1)

95(80)

86(73.2)

  Protein

85.19 ± 30.39

99.28 ± 32.09

114.06 ± 42.23

0.01

110.75 ± 38.58

98.01 ± 39.74

91.46 ± 30.65

0.01

78.90 ± 25.87

97.13 ± 28.34

120.61 ± 41.74

0.01

  Carbohydrate

351.53 ± 134.11

456.92 ± 145.46

543.65 ± 171.71

0.01

484.53 ± 166.82

424.29 ± 162.14

448.30 ± 175.72

0.03

391.03 ± 143.39

433.68 ± 144.60

523.69 ± 188.34

0.01

  Fat

83.86 ± 41.53

100.51 ± 43.38

116.35 ± 50.59

0.01

111.63 ± 46.78

101.97 ± 50.45

89.24 ± 41.79

0.01

78.14 ± 35.61

99.09 ± 46.07

121.58 ± 47.88

0.01