Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Cross-sectional study of associations between normal body weight with central obesity and hyperuricemia in Japan

BMC Endocrine Disorders volume 20, Article number: 2 (2020) Cite this article

A Correction to this article was published on 21 February 2020

This article has been updated

Abstract

Background

Several studies have shown that normal weight with central obesity (NWCO) is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. However, the relationship between NWCO and hyperuricemia has not been studied in detail.

Methods

We investigated the association between NWCO and hyperuricemia among Japanese adults aged 40–64 years who had undergone periodic health examinations between April 2013 and March 2014. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and central obesity was determined as a waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) ≥0.5. We classified the participants into the following groups based according to having obesity and central obesity: normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) without (NW; WHtR < 0.5) and with (NWCO) central obesity, and obesity without (OB) and with (OBCO) central obesity. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid > 7.0 and ≥ 6.0 mg/dL in men and women, respectively, or under medical treatment for hyperuricemia. Alcohol intake was classified as yes (daily and occasional consumption) and none (no alcohol consumption). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for hyperuricemia were calculated using a logistic regression model.

Results

We analyzed data derived from 96,863 participants (69,241 men and 27,622 women). The prevalences of hyperuricemia in men and women were respectively, 21.4 and 11.0%, and of participants with NWCO respectively 15.6 and 30.0%. The adjusted OR for hyperuricemia was significantly increased in OBCO compared with NW, regardless of sex (men: OR, 2.12; 95%CI; 2.03–2.21; women: OR, 3.54; 95%CI, 3.21–3.90) and were statistically significant in NWCO compared with NW (men: OR, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.36–1.52; women: OR, 1.41; 95%CI, 1.27–1.57). The results were similar regardless of alcohol consumption.

Conclusions

We found that NWCO and OBCO were associated with hyperuricemia in middle-aged Japanese men and women. Middle-aged Japanese adults with normal weight but having central obesity should be screened using a combination of BMI and WHtR and educated about how to prevent hyperuricemia.

Peer Review reports

Background

Hyperuricemia is associated with increased risk of gout [1], hypertension, chronic kidney diseases, congestive heart failure, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [2]. Therefore, the prevention of hyperuricemia is an important public health issue.

Several studies have associated normal weight with central obesity (NWCO), defined by body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and the CVD risk factors of hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes [3, 4]. In addition, NWCO is associated with a significantly higher risk for metabolic syndrome [5]. Thus, measuring degrees of central fat distribution appear important for the early detection of health risks, even among individuals with normal weight (NW) [6]. However, relationships between NWCO and hyperuricemia remain obscure.

The present study aimed to determine relationships between NWCO and hyperuricemia among Japanese middle-aged adults. We postulated that Japanese men and women are at higher risk for hyperuricemia when they have NWCO, than NW.

Methods

Participants

The present study was a cross-sectional study that used the data (n = 310,577) from Japanese men and women who had underwent periodic health examinations conducted by the All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation (Tokyo), between April 2013 and March 2014. The inclusion criteria were individuals aged 40–64 years and those who consented to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria were those who had missing data and who were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2).

Of 310,577, 310,498 individuals consented to participate in this study, we excluded 205,730 with missing data and 7905 who were underweight. Thus, we analyzed data from 96,863 participants (69,241 men and 27,622 women).

Written informed consent was obtained from the included individuals to participate in the study and to publish their innominate data. The Medical Ethics Committee at Showa University School of Medicine (Approval No. 2132) and the Ethics Committee at the All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation (Approval No. 3-1-0004) approved the study protocol.

Variables and measurements

We collected the following information from each participant using a self-administered questionnaire recommended by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for specific health examinations [7]: age, sex, alcohol consumption (daily, occasionally, none), smoking status (current, previously smoked, never-smoked), and physical activity equivalent to walking at least 60 min per day (yes/no). Alcohol intake was classified as yes (daily and occasional consumption) and no (no alcohol consumption) [8].

Trained staff measured the height and weight of the participants in increments of 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively, and BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2). Waist circumference (WC) was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm at the level of the umbilicus while standing upright [6]. The WHtR was calculated as WC divided by height. Blood pressure while seated was measured using a HEM-907 automated device (Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).

In accordance with a previous study [9], we defined OB and NW defined as BMI ≥25 and 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, respectively. In addition, the presence and absence of CO were determined as WHtR ≥0.5 and <  0.5, respectively [10]. Based on OB and CO status, participants in this study were classified as being of normal weight with (NWCO) and without (NW) CO, and as being obese with (OBCO) and without (OB) central obesity [11]. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or under medication for hypertension [12].

Venous blood samples with drawn from participants to determine serum values of uric acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride, blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were stored at 4 °C, transported to and analyzed at a clinical testing laboratory (SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan) within 24 h.

Serum uric acid was measured using an enzymatic method (AU5400; Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). Although there was a need to define hyperuricemia in relation to increase uric acid level either by overproduction or due to decrease secretion, in the present study, hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid > 7.0 mg/dL in men or ≥ 6.0 mg/dL in women, or being under medical treatment for hyperuricemia, which was based solely on serum uric acid levels [13,14,15,16]. Serum uric acid levels are lower in women than in men because female hormones decrease them [17, 18]. These cutoff values were selected as they are generally used in clinical laboratories and have been proposed in previous studies in relation to metabolic syndrome and CVD outcomes to define hyperuricemia [13,14,15,16, 19]. Both HDL-C and LDL-C were determined using a direct method and triglycerides were measured using an enzymatic method (AU5400; Beckman Coulter). Dyslipidemia was defined as LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL, HDL-C < 40 mg/dL, triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL, or under medication for dyslipidemia [20]. Blood glucose values were determined using the hexokinase method (AU5400; Beckman Coulter), and HbA1c was measured using a latex agglutination method (JCA-BM9130; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (≥8 h after the last caloric intake) ≥126 mg/dL, random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL, HbA1c (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program) ≥6.5%, or under medication for diabetes mellitus [21].

Statistical analysis

Data for males and females were separately analyzed, because the serum uric acid distribution differed between them. Characteristics were compared between participants with and without hyperuricemia using unpaired t-tests or chi-squared tests. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for hyperuricemia were calculated using a logistic regression model that included age, smoking status, physical activity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes to control for potential confounding factors [11, 16]. Values with P <  0.05 were considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed using JMP version 13.0 (SAS Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

Results

Table 1 shows the characteristics of study participants with mean ages of 50.4 and 50.6 years for men and women, respectively. Means serum uric acid values and the prevalence of hyperuricemia were higher in men than in women (6.1 vs. 4.6 mg/dL and 21.4% vs. 11.0%, respectively). The proportions of NWCO among men and women were 15.6 and 30.0%, respectively, and those of men and women who consumed alcohol were 73.2 and 46.3%, respectively.

Table 1 Characteristics of participants
Full size table

Tables 2 and 3 respectively show the characteristics of men and women with hyperuricemia and normouricemia. Differences were statistically significant between the nature of the obesity and hyperuricemia in men and women. The prevalences of OBCO in hyperuricemia and normouricemia were 43.3 and 26.7% among men, and 44.8 and 19.1% among women. The prevalences of hypertension were 45.2 and 35.3% in men with hyperuricemia and normouricemia, respectively, and 43.8 and 28.4% in women with hyperuricemia and normouricemia, respectively. Those of dyslipidemia were 66.0 and 51.1% in men with hyperuricemia and normouricemia, and 60.7 and 41.0% in women with hyperuricemia and normouricemia. The prevalences of diabetes among men with hyperuricemia and normouricemia were 7.2 and 9.5%, while those among women with hyperuricemia and normouricemia were 8.0 and 3.6%. Moreover, the proportions of those who habitually consumed alcohol were higher in both men and women with, than without hyperuricemia.

Table 2 Characteristics of male participants
Full size table
Table 3 Characteristics of female participants
Full size table

Tables 4 and 5 show the crude and adjusted OR and 95%CI for hyperuricemia among men and women, respectively. The adjusted OR for hyperuricemia was significantly increased in men and women with OBCO compared with NW after adjustment for age, lifestyle factors, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes (OR, 2.12; 95%CI, 2.03–2.21 and OR, 3.54; 95%CI, 3.21–3.90, respectively). The OR for hyperuricemia were also significantly increased in men and women with NWCO compared with NW (OR, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.36–1.52 and OR, 1.41; 95%CI, 1.27–1.57, respectively). An analysis of subgroups stratified by alcohol intake found that the OR for hyperuricemia was significantly increased among men and women with OBCO who consumed alcohol (OR, 1.95; 95%CI, 1.86–2.05 and OR, 2.94; 95%CI, 2.59–3.35, respectively) and among those who did not (OR, 3.27; 95%CI, 2.97–3.60 and OR, 5.29; 95%CI, 4.50–6.22, respectively) compared with NW. The OR for hyperuricemia were statistically significant among men and women with NWCO who consumed alcohol (OR, 1.42; 95%CI, 1.34–1.51 and OR, 1.25; 95%CI, 1.09–1.42, respectively) compared with those who did not consume alcohol (OR, 1.56: 95%CI, 1.36–1.78 and OR, 1.85; 95%CI, 1.55–2.21, respectively). These results persisted even after adjustment for age, lifestyle factors, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 4 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for hyperuricemia in men
Full size table
Table 5 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for hyperuricemia in women
Full size table

Discussion

The present study investigated the relationships between NWCO and hyperuricemia in middle-aged Japanese adults. We found that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with NWCO and OBCO, compared with men and women of NW. The results were similar regardless of alcohol consumption.

The mean serum uric acid value was higher in men than in women. Several studies have investigated serum uric acid levels in Japanese adults. Reported serum uric acid levels for men and women are respectively, 6.2 and 4.4 mg/dL [14], 5.9 and 4.2 mg/dL [15], 6.5 and 4.7 mg/dL [16], and 6.0 and 4.5 mg/dL [22]. Therefore, our findings of higher serum acid levels in men were similar to these findings.

Several epidemiological studies reported that hyperuricemia was associated with diseases including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, CVD, and metabolic syndrome [2, 8, 14, 16]. Similarly, the present study showed that the prevalences of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes were higher with than without hyperuricemia in both men and women. Moreover, we also found that OBCO significantly increased the OR for hyperuricemia, compared with NW, regardless of sex. Others have positively associated hyperuricemia with obesity in both men and women [16, 23]. Nagahama et al. reported that the adjusted OR (95%CI) for hyperuricemia in men and women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were 1.75 (1.56–1.97) and 2.02 (1.62–2.53) [16]. Yu et al. reported that hyperuricemia was related to abdominal obesity and general obesity in both sexes [23]. The present results are in line with these findings. Even after adjustment for age, lifestyle factors, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, our results showed that OBCO had an independently increased risk of hyperuricemia and this was statistically significant between OBCO and hyperuricemia. As one of the reasons, obesity may increase hyperuricemia through increased urate production and decreased renal clearance, and that renal excretion of urate was also reduced in the presence of insulin resistance [24]. However, the underlying mechanism by which serum uric acid increased in obese individuals still remains to explore [19]. Thus, more studies need to be conducted in order to elucidate the mechanism of the association between serum uric acid and obesity.

In addition to OBCO, NWCO was also significantly associated with hyperuricemia compared with NW. A previous study in Japan found significantly increased OR (95%CI) for hyperuricemia in men with NWCO compared with NW, but not among women: 1.43 (1.15–1.76) and 2.20 (0.36–33.35), respectively [6]. We found that NWCO was associated with hyperuricemia risk compared with NW, regardless of sex. Moreover, WC and uric acid levels demonstrated a positive correlation in NW and NWCO group, regardless of sex (men, r = 0.19; P <  0.001, women, r = 0.23; P <  0.001). Higher and lower BMI are associated with an increased and decreased prevalence of hyperuricemia, respectively [8]. Therefore, because individuals with NWCO are considered to be of normal weight, they do not usually receive appropriate health education or prompt intervention to prevent hyperuricemia. Our findings suggest that men and women with NWCO need to be identified in addition to those with OBCO, even if their weight is normal.

Alcohol consumption is also an important risk factor for hyperuricemia [8, 25,26,27]. We stratified men and women according to alcohol intake and found that the OR for hyperuricemia were significantly increased in those with OBCO, compared with NW, regardless of alcohol consumption. That is, hyperuricemia was positively associated among men and women with OBCO, regardless of alcohol intake. Moreover, the OR for hyperuricemia were significantly increased in men and women with NWCO, compared with NW, regardless of whether alcohol was consumed. Therefore, screening men and women for NWCO and active intervention to prevent hyperuricemia are important, regardless of alcohol intake.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation into the relationships between hyperuricemia and NWCO among middle-aged Japanese adults. The strengths of the present study are the large sample size (about 100,000 participants), which helped to decrease random error, and fact that trained technicians measured the anthropometric variables of height, weight and WC of the participants, that were used to define OB and CO. Serum uric acid was measured using a standardized method at a clinical testing laboratory. In contrast, the limitations of the present study include potential confounding factors that were not determined in this study that might have affected our findings. For instance, we did not collect details of dietary intake such as the ingestion of large amounts of purine sources (animal protein and beer) [2]. Another limitation is that the cross-sectional study design caused difficulties with assessing causal relationships. For the nature of the study design, we did not observe these weight variations, although weight was very important clinical indicator in order to determine hyperuricemia throughout research in an individual. Thus, further longitudinal studies will be needed to establish causality and to consider weight variation.

Conclusions

The present study showed that being of NW but having CO, and being obese in general were associated with hyperuricemia among middle-aged Japanese men and women. These findings suggest that middle-aged Japanese men and women with NWCO should be identified using a combination of BMI and WHtR, then educated about the prevention of hyperuricemia.

Availability of data and materials

The data in this study are available only upon reasonable request and approval by the Ethics Committee of the All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation.

Change history

  • 21 February 2020

    After publication of this article [1], it was brought to our attention that there is an error in the Table 5, which “Cases” should be revised to “HU” in Table 5. The original publication has been corrected.

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

HbA1c:

Hemoglobin A1c

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

NW:

Normal weight without central obesity

NWCO:

Normal weight with central obesity

OB:

Obesity without central obesity

OBCO:

Obesity with central obesity

OR:

Odds ratio

WC:

Waist circumference

WHtR:

Waist-to-height ratio

References

  1. Shiozawa A, Szabo SM, Bolzani A, Cheung A, Choi HK. Serum uric acid and the risk of incident and recurrent gout: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(3):388–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gustafsson D, Unwin R. The pathophysiology of hyperuricaemia and its possible relationship to cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Thaikruea L, Thammasarot J. Prevalence of normal weight central obesity among Thai healthcare providers and their association with CVD risk: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Mitsuhashi K, Hashimoto Y, Tanaka M, Toda H, Matsumoto S, Ushigome E, Asano M, Yamazaki M, Oda Y, Fukui M. Combined effect of body mass index and waist-height ratio on incident diabetes; a population based cohort study. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017;61(2):118–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Oliveros E, Somers VK, Sochor O, Goel K, Lopez-Jimenez F. The concept of normal weight obesity. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):426–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hsieh SD, Yoshinaga H, Muto T. Waist-to-height ratio, a simple and practical index for assessing central fat distribution and metabolic risk in Japanese men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(5):610–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nagahama S, Kurotani K, Pham NM, Nanri A, Kuwahara K, Dan M, Nishiwaki Y, Mizoue T. Self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome in Japanese people: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(9):e005241.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Kuwabara M, Kuwabara R, Niwa K, Hisatome I, Smits G, Roncal-Jimenez CA, MacLean PS, Yracheta JM, Ohno M, Lanaspa MA, et al. Different Risk for Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Hyperuricemia According to Level of Body Mass Index in Japanese and American Subjects. Nutrients. 2018;10(8).

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. World Health Organization. Body mass index - BMI [http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi].

  10. Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0.5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):247–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Owolabi EO, Ter Goon D, Adeniyi OV. Central obesity and normal-weight central obesity among adults attending healthcare facilities in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Shimamoto K, Ando K, Fujita T, Hasebe N, Higaki J, Horiuchi M, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Ishimitsu T, Ito M, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens Res. 2014;37(4):253–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamanaka H. Japanese guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout: second edition. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2011;30(12):1018–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kuwabara M, Kuwabara R, Hisatome I, Niwa K, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Bjornstad P, Andres-Hernando A, Sato Y, Jensen T, Garcia G, et al. "Metabolically Healthy" Obesity and Hyperuricemia Increase Risk for Hypertension and Diabetes: 5-year Japanese Cohort Study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2017;25(11):1997–2008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sonoda H, Takase H, Dohi Y, Kimura G. Uric acid levels predict future development of chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2011;33(4):352–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nagahama K, Iseki K, Inoue T, Touma T, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S. Hyperuricemia and cardiovascular risk factor clustering in a screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. Hypertens Res. 2004;27(4):227–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Adamopoulos D, Vlassopoulos C, Seitanides B, Contoyiannis P, Vassilopoulos P. The relationship of sex steroids to uric acid levels in plasma and urine. Acta Endocrinol. 1977;85(1):198–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yahyaoui R, Esteva I, Haro-Mora JJ, Almaraz MC, Morcillo S, Rojo-Martinez G, Martinez J, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Gonzalez I, Hernando V, et al. Effect of long-term administration of cross-sex hormone therapy on serum and urinary uric acid in transsexual persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(6):2230–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ali N, Perveen R, Rahman S, Mahmood S, Rahman S, Islam S, Haque T, Sumon AH, Kathak RR, Molla NH, et al. Prevalence of hyperuricemia and the relationship between serum uric acid and obesity: a study on Bangladeshi adults. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0206850.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Teramoto T, Sasaki J, Ishibashi S, Birou S, Daida H, Dohi S, Egusa G, Hiro T, Hirobe K, Iida M, et al. Executive summary of the Japan atherosclerosis society (JAS) guidelines for the diagnosis and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in Japan −2012 version. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2013;20(6):517–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nanri A, Nakagawa T, Kuwahara K, Yamamoto S, Honda T, Okazaki H, Uehara A, Yamamoto M, Miyamoto T, Kochi T, et al. Development of risk score for predicting 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes: Japan epidemiology collaboration on occupational health study. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142779.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Kawasoe S, Kubozono T, Yoshifuku S, Ojima S, Oketani N, Miyata M, Miyahara H, Maenohara S, Ohishi M. Uric acid level and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in a Japanese general population of 285,882. Circ J. 2016;80(12):2453–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Yu S, Yang H, Guo X, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ou Q, Zheng L, Sun Y. Prevalence of hyperuricemia and its correlates in rural northeast Chinese population: from lifestyle risk factors to metabolic comorbidities. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(5):1207–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee J, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Landsberg L, Weiss ST. Uric acid and coronary heart disease risk: evidence for a role of uric acid in the obesity-insulin resistance syndrome. The normative aging study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(3):288–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Villegas R, Xiang YB, Cai Q, Fazio S, Linton M, Li H, Elasy T, Zheng W, Shu XO. Prevalence and determinants of hyperuricemia in middle-aged, urban Chinese men. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8(3):263–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Nakamura K, Sakurai M, Miura K, Morikawa Y, Yoshita K, Ishizaki M, Kido T, Naruse Y, Suwazono Y, Nakagawa H. Alcohol intake and the risk of hyperuricaemia: a 6-year prospective study in Japanese men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(11):989–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shiraishi H, Une H. The effect of the interaction between obesity and drinking on hyperuricemia in Japanese male office workers. J Epidemiol. 2009;19(1):12–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank all the study participants, and Dr. Nobuo Yanagisawa, Dr. Takeshi Kawaguchi, Mr. Takahiro Tamura, and Mr. Yutaka Hoshina at the All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation for supporting this study.

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan [JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP17K09130]. The funder had no role on the design of study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan

    Takako Shirasawa, Hirotaka Ochiai, Takahiko Yoshimoto, Akihiro Watanabe, Reika Yoshida & Akatsuki Kokaze

  2. All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation, 6-16-11 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-0064, Japan

    Satsue Nagahama

Authors
  1. Takako Shirasawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hirotaka Ochiai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Takahiko Yoshimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Satsue Nagahama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Akihiro Watanabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Reika Yoshida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Akatsuki Kokaze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

TS, HO, and TY contributed to the study design, interpretation of data and manuscript preparation. TS conducted data analysis and drafted the manuscript. SN contributed to data acquisition. AW and RY contributed to data interpretation. HO and TY helped to draft the manuscript. AK made substantial contributions to the study concept and project management. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takako Shirasawa.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Medical Ethics Committee at Showa University School of Medicine (Approval No. 2132) and the Ethics Committee of the All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation (Approval No. 3-1-0004) approved the study protocol. Written informed consent for the publication of personal information was obtained from all participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shirasawa, T., Ochiai, H., Yoshimoto, T. et al. Cross-sectional study of associations between normal body weight with central obesity and hyperuricemia in Japan. BMC Endocr Disord 20, 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0481-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0481-1

Keywords

BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

Contact us