Experiments in mice initially suggested a role for the protein angiopoietin-like 8 (ANGPTL8) in glucose homeostasis. However, subsequent experiments in model systems have challenged this proposed role. We sought to better understand the importance of ANGPTL8 in human glucose homeostasis by examining the association of a null mutation in ANGPTL8 with fasting glucose levels and risk for type 2 diabetes.
Methods
A naturally-occurring null mutation in human ANGPTL8 (rs145464906; c.361C > T; p.Q121X) is carried by ~1 in 1000 individuals of European ancestry and is associated with higher levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, suggesting that this mutation has functional significance. We examined the association of p.Q121X with fasting glucose levels and risk for type 2 diabetes in up to 95,558 individuals (14,824 type 2 diabetics and 80,734 controls).
Results
We found no significant association of p.Q121X with either fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes (p-value = 0.90 and 0.65, respectively). Given our sample sizes, we had >98 % power to detect at least a 0.23 mmol/L effect on plasma glucose and >95 % power to detect a 70 % increase in risk for type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion
Disruption of ANGPTL8 function in humans does not seem to have a large effect on measures of glucose tolerance.
Keywords
BetatrophinAngiopoietin-like 8rs145464906
Background
In type 1 and to a lesser extent in type 2 diabetes, the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas undergo destruction and exhibit decreased function. Recovered insulin production by abrogating this process has important therapeutic implications for individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. A study in mice demonstrated that pancreatic beta cell proliferation is stimulated by a 198-amino acid protein named betatrophin (also known as Lipasin and ANGPTL8), leading to improved glucose tolerance [1]. Injection of betatrophin-expressing plasmids into mice resulted in increased beta cell replication and ultimately increased beta cell number and pancreatic beta cell mass. However, subsequent murine experiments of betatrophin have largely been neutral with respect to glucose alterations and overexpression of ANGPTL8 showed no abnormalities in glucose homeostasis [2, 3]. In addition, Angptl8-/- mice did not demonstrate impaired glucose tolerance [2, 4]. Although its role in glucose homeostasis is still being elucidated, ANGPTL8 is known to have a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, possibly through activation of a related protein, angiopoietin-like 3 [5]. Several experiments have shown that Angptl8 null mice have lower triglyceride levels and conversely, that overexpression of ANGPTL8 increases triglyceride levels [2, 4, 5]. Taken together, findings in model systems suggest that whereas a role for ANGPTL8 in beta cell proliferation is uncertain, ANGPTL8 is consistently linked to triglyceride concentrations.
Null mutations can be used to inform on the effect of a gene in humans. We have previously reported a naturally-occurring null mutation in human ANGPTL8 (rs145464906; c.361C > T; p.Q121X). ANGPTL8 p.Q121X is estimated to be carried by 1 in 1000 individuals of European ancestry and 1 in 10,000 African-Americans [6]. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is 10 mg/dl higher (p-value = 5 x 10-11) and triglyceride concentration is 15 % lower (p-value = 0.003) in carriers of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X [6].
The lipid phenotype demonstrated by carriers of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X suggests that this naturally occurring mutation has functional significance and allows us to test the hypothesis that carrying ANGPTL8 p.Q121X also perturbs glucose homeostasis in humans. Previously, we have shown that ANGPTL8 p.Q121X was not associated with fasting glucose in two studies (n < 15,000) [6]. Here, we aimed to determine the association of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X with two measures of glucose homeostasis – fasting glucose level and type 2 diabetes status in up to 95,558 individuals (14,824 type 2 diabetics and 80,734 controls).
Methods
In silico analysis
In silico analysis was performed to predict the effect of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X (rs145464906) mutation on transcription. We predicted whether the ANGPTL8 p.Q121X mutation resulted in nonsense mediated decay using RNA sequencing transcript isoform data publically available from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project (http://www.gtexportal.org/) and a predictive model implemented in MAMBA (http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/~rivas/mamba) [7, 8].
Study participants
Analysis was limited to subjects of self-reported European ancestry. Studies contributing summary results included the BioImage Study [9], the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium Diabetes Working Group [10], and studies from the T2D-GENES consortium with > 5 minor alleles for ANGPTL8 p.Q121X (KORA and UK) [11]. The BioImage Study and the KORA and UK studies from the T2D-GENES consortium have been approved by the MIT IRB (#1010004095, #0912003615 #1107004579, respectively). The CHARGE Diabetes Working Group consists of 27 European Ancestry studies and all participating studies were approved by local institutional review committees. All subjects have provided written informed consent.
Genotyping and quality control
All study participants were genotyped on the HumanExome BeadChip v.1.0 or v1.1 (Illumina) for ANGPTL8 p.Q121X and called using joint calling [12], GenomeStudio or zCall [13]. Quality control involved checking concordance to GWAS data and excluding those individuals missing >5 % genotypes, population clustering outliers, individuals with high inbreeding coefficients or heterozygote rates, individuals with gender mismatches, one individual from duplicate pairs, and individuals with an unexpectedly high proportion of identity-by-descent sharing, with consideration for family studies, based on high-quality variants. All contributing studies used an additive coding of variants to the minor allele.
Phenotypes
Association analyses were performed for fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes individually by cohort and summary statistics were shared. In the BioImage Study, type 2 diabetes was defined as individuals taking a medication for diabetes, having a fasting glucose > 126 mg/dl or having been told that he/she had diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was defined in the CHARGE Consortium Diabetes Working Group according to Wessel et al [10], and in the T2D-GENES Consortium according to Voight et al [14]. Individuals with a diagnosis of diabetes were excluded from the fasting glucose and insulin analyses to avoid the variable effects of diabetes medications on the quantitative traits.
Statistical analyses
Two primary analyses were performed separately by study in available participants: (1). linear regression of fasting glucose levels with an additive coding of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X adjusting for age, sex, and principal components of ancestry; and (2). logistic regression of type 2 diabetes with an additive coding of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X adjusting for age, sex, and principal components of ancestry. Counts of the number of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X mutation carriers were obtained in type 2 diabetes cases and controls. Additionally, in 47,388 we analyzed the association of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X with fasting insulin levels adjusted for BMI, age, sex, and principal components of ancestry.
For the outcomes of fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels, statistical evidence from each study was combined using fixed-effects inverse variance meta-analysis. Heterogeneity of effects between studies was ruled out (p > 0.05).
For the outcome of type 2 diabetes, we performed meta-analyses by using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics for stratified 2x2 tables. The Cochran-Mantel-Hanszel method combines score statistics rather than Wald statistics. As an alternate approach, we performed a fixed-effects inverse variance meta-analysis on the betas and standard errors from the individual study results. Using a fixed-effects inverse variance meta-analysis did not change the results.
All analyses were performed using the software program R version 2.15. We estimated statistical power to detect association of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X with fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes using the Genetic Power Calculator (http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/~purcell/gpc/) [15].
Results
The lipid phenotype previously demonstrated by carriers of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X suggests that this naturally occurring mutation has functional significance. In addition, using in silico predictions, we found that ANGPTL8 p.Q121X results in nonsense mediated decay of the RNA transcript and partial knockdown of the resulting protein (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
All participants were of self-reported European ancestry. 69,854 individuals without type 2 diabetes were available for the analysis of fasting glucose levels. In analysis for type 2 diabetes status, 14,824 individuals with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were compared to 80,734 controls (Additional file 1: Table S1). 24 (0.16 %) of the type 2 diabetes cases were heterozygous carriers of the minor allele for ANGPTL8 p.Q121X whereas 142 (0.18 %) of the controls were heterozygous carriers.
We combined evidence from all available studies and performed a fixed-effects meta-analysis for the association of p.Q121X with fasting glucose levels. We found no evidence for association of p.Q121X with fasting glucose levels (beta = 0.002 mmol/L; 95 % conference interval[CI] = (-0.025, 0.029); p-value = 0.90) (Table 1). For the outcome of type 2 diabetes, we used Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis to combine the counts across the studies given the low number of type 2 diabetes cases with the p.Q121X mutation. We found no evidence for association of p.Q121X with type 2 diabetes (Fig. 1, OR = 0.88, 95 % CI = 0.57 – 1.36, p-value = 0.65).
Table 1
Association of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X with plasma glucose
Study
N
Effect size
Standard error
p
BioImage
4,072
0.080
0.19
0.70
CHARGE
49,838
-0.005
0.05
0.92
T2D-GENES
15,944
0.002
0.01
0.89
Meta-analysis
69,854
0.002
0.01
0.90
Fig. 1
Association of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X with type 2 diabetes in 14,824 cases and 80,734 controls. In each study, we tested the association of carrier status with type 2 diabetes. Meta-analysis was performed using the Cochran-Mantel Haensel statistics for stratified 2-by-2 tables
Additionally, we found no evidence of association for fasting insulin levels adjusted for BMI with ANGPTL8 p.Q121X in 47,388 individuals with fasting insulin available within CHARGE (3 % change; p = 0.43).
We estimated statistical power to detect each of these associations given our analyzed sample sizes. Power calculations indicate that with a sample size of 69,854 we had >98 % power to detect a 0.23 mmol/L (1/2-standard deviation; 4.2 mg/dL) effect of p.Q121X on fasting glucose at an alpha level of 0.05. Given 14,824 type 2 diabetes cases and 80,734 controls, we have >95 % power to detect a genotype relative risk for carriers of > 1.7 and > 85 % power to detect a genotypic relative risk for carriers of > 1.6 at an alpha level of 0.05.
Discussion
We find that carrying a null mutation in human ANGPTL8 is neither associated with fasting glucose nor risk for type 2 diabetes in analyses involving up to 95,558 individuals. These results are consistent with findings from a preliminary analysis of individuals carrying ANGPTL8 p.Q121X with fasting glucose in Peloso, et al [6], in which no significant association between ANGPTL8 p.Q121X and fasting glucose levels was identified in <15,000 individuals, which only had 45 % power to detect a 0.23 mmol/L (1/2-standard deviation; 4.2 mg/dL) effect of p.Q121X on fasting glucose at an alpha level of 0.05. However, the larger sample size utilized in our study allowed for 98 % power and a better estimation of the impact of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X on fasting glucose levels. This study also expands upon the phenotyping of the carriers of this allele in that we were able to examine association of ANGPTL8 p.Q121X with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and with fasting insulin levels, and to ask a targeted hypothesis that may not reach an exome chip-wide significance level (p < 3 × 10−7 for fasting glucose and p < 4.5 × 10−7 for type 2 diabetes) as was explored in Wessel, et al [10].
While our results do not support the role of ANGPTL8 inhibitors for treatment of type 2 diabetes, there remains evidence that ANGPTL8 inhibition remains a viable anti-triglyceride target [2, 6]. The human genetic analysis presented here provides evidence that an ANGPTL8 inhibitor aimed at lowering plasma triglyceride levels will not have a major effect on glucose tolerance in humans.
Some limitations deserve mention. The initial therapeutic hypothesis from model systems related to gain of gene function; loss of gene function as assessed by p.Q121X may not necessarily lead to phenotypic effects in a direction opposite to gain of gene function. In addition, due to the scarcity of the allele, we were able to assess only heterozygous carriers of the allele. It is possible that there is a recessive effect on fasting glucose levels or type 2 diabetes status that would be unmasked only in individuals homozygous for the ANGPTL8 mutation. The scarcity of the null mutation also limits our statistical power, and we are unable to rule out modest effects on glucose and type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion
While ANGPTL8 has been shown to robustly associate with plasma triglyceride levels, our results do not support a role for ANGPTL8 in glucose homeostasis in humans.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
GMP is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K01HL125751. SK is supported by a Research Scholar award from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), the Howard Goodman Fellowship from MGH, the Donovan Family Foundation, R01HL107816, and a grant from Fondation Leducq. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The authors do not report any conflict of interest.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
(2)
Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
(3)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Framingham Heart Study
(4)
Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health
(5)
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
(6)
Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
(7)
Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
(8)
Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
(9)
Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital
(10)
Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine
(11)
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus
(12)
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
(13)
Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan
(14)
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
(15)
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford
(16)
Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital
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