Fig. 1
From: Secretion of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP may be affected by circadian rhythm in healthy males
Study design. 24 healthy males met after an overnight fast at 8:00 h at the hospital ward. At 9:00 h and every third hour blood samples were drawn. Breakfast was served at 9:30 h (846 kcal, carbohydrate 47.8 E%, protein 16.3 E%, fat 35.1 E%), lunch was served at 13:00 h (636 kcal, carbohydrate 58.8 E%, protein 19.9 E%, fat 21.1 E%) and dinner was served at 19:00 h (841 kcal, carbohydrate 45.3 E%, protein 19.6 E%, fat 35.1 E%). From 23:00 h to 8:00 h the participants had a 9-h sleep opportunity. The study was carried out on three different days, each time with eight participants. Blood analyses for glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, C-peptide, and glucose were performed subsequently in batch analyses. The illustration was created with www.biorender.com