Table 2 Dietary intakes and Characteristics among cases and controls*

Age(year)

39.6 ± 8.7

40.1 ± 8.9

0.206

Male, n (%)

119 (52.8)

112 (49.7)

0.347

BMI(Kg/m²)

30.5 ± 4.1

25.2 ± 3.2

< 0.001^a

Smoking, n (%)

17 (7.5)

14 (6.2)

0.089

Physical activity (MET/min/week)

1121 ± 611

1598 ± 940

< 0.001^a

SES, n (%)

0.274

Low

63 (28)

71 (31.5)

Middle

106 (47.1)

101 (44.8)

High

56 (24.9)

53 (23.5)

FBS (mg/dl)

135.26 ± 14.52

91.26 ± 10.38

< 0.001^a

HbA1C

8.6 ± 0.4

6.5 ± 0.1

< 0.001^a

Insulin (mU/L)

26.23 ± 4.57

12.71 ± 0.98

0.02 ^a

Nutrient intake

Energy intake (Kcal/d)

2371 ± 624

2213 ± 619

0.008^a

Sucrose(g/1000Kcal)

12.8 ± 6.4

14.2 ± 8.6

0.547

Lactose(g/1000Kcal)

6.5 ± 4.2

7.1 ± 4.5

0.332

Fructose(g/1000Kcal)

7.8 ± 3.3

7.9 ± 3.6

0.997

Fiber(g/1000Kcal)

16.2 ± 8.3

15.8 ± 6.5

0.218

Animal protein(g/1000Kcal)

22.4 ± 8.6

21.9 ± 8.5

0.072

Plant protein(g/1000Kcal)

13.8 ± 3.7

15.4 ± 3.9

0.024^a

Saturated fatty acids(g/1000Kcal)

11.2 ± 3.4

11.5 ± 3.2

0.205

Mono unsaturated fatty acids(g/1000Kcal)

12.0 ± 3.3

11.9 ± 2.9

0.599

Poly unsaturated fatty acids(g/1000Kcal)

7.3 ± 2.8

7.1 ± 2.4

0.217

cholesterol(mg/1000Kcal)

97.4 ± 41.4

101.7 ± 56.0

0.057

Vitamin A(mg/1000Kcal)

186 ± 102

208 ± 110

0.009^a

Vitamin D(µg/1000Kcal)

0.74 ± 0.55

0.95 ± 0.74

0.811

Vitamin E(mg/1000Kcal)

4.93 ± 1.50

5.12 ± 1.74

< 0.001^a

Vitamin K(mg/1000Kcal)

78.5 ± 52.3

83.4 ± 57.2

0.214

Vitamin B1(mg/1000Kcal)

0.85 ± 0.18

0.81 ± 0.16

0.007^a

Vitamin B2(mg/1000Kcal)

0.79 ± 0.20

0.86 ± 0.21

0.040 ^a

Vitamin B3(mg /1000Kcal)

9.8 ± 2.3

9.6 ± 2.0

0.854

Vitamin B5(mg/1000Kcal)

2.32 ± 0.42

2.35 ± 0.44

0.147

Vitamin B6(mg/1000Kcal)

0.83 ± 0.16

0.81 ± 0.15

0.712

Folate(mg/1000Kcal)

236 ± 45

233 ± 38

0.625

Vitamin B12(mg/1000Kcal)

1.73 ± 0.86

1.79 ± 0.79

0.447

Vitamin C(mg/1000Kcal)

58.4 ± 31.1

60.2 ± 31.5

0.547

Calcium(mg/1000Kcal)

520 ± 163

525 ± 152

0.258

Phosphor(mg/1000Kcal)

621 ± 127

622 ± 119

0.741

Iron(mg/1000Kcal)

11.5 ± 5.4

11.4 ± 5.7

0.847

Zinc(mg/1000Kcal)

4.52 ± 0.80

5.44 ± 0.81

0.049 ^a

Copper(mg/1000Kcal)

0.65 ± 0.13

0.69 ± 0.12

0.811

Magnesium(mg/1000Kcal)

157 ± 29

158 ± 30

0.784

Manganese(mg/1000Kcal)

3.2 ± 1.1

3.2 ± 1.0

0.974

Chromium(mg/1000Kcal)

0.04 (0.03–0.06)

0.04 (0.02–0.06)

0.414

Selenium(mg/1000Kcal)

48.5 ± 12.2

47.6 ± 11.7

0.532

Sodium(mg/1000Kcal)

1984 ± 1960

2022 ± 1385

0.736

Potassium(mg/1000Kcal)

1512 ± 312

1610 ± 381

0.033 ^a

Caffeine(mg/1000Kcal)

54.4 ± 46.0

58.1 ± 44.8

0.355