Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants (N = 3,060)

Sex

 Male

1,302 (42.55)

 Female

1,758 (57.45)

Age (years)

44.73 (13.34)

47.04 (13.17)

43.01 (13.21)

Residence

 Urban

1,759 (57.48)

710 (54.53)

1,049 (59.67)

 Peri-urban

1,022 (33.40)

452 (34.72)

570 (32.42)

 Rural

279 (9.12)

140 (10.75)

139 (7.91)

BMI (kg/m²)

27.18 (4.33)

27.05 (4.13)

27.28 (4.47)

BMI category (kg/m²)

 Underweight

6 (0.20)

3 (0.23)

3 (0.17)

 Normal

194 (6.34)

105 (8.06)

89 (5.06)

 Overweight

1,077 (35.20)

412 (31.64)

665 (37.83)

 Obese

1,783 (58.27)

782 (60.06)

1,001 (56.94)

Waist circumference (cm)

94.81 (7.31)

95.02 (7.60)

94.66 (7.10)

Abdominal obesity

2,741 (89.58)

1,003 (77.04)

1,738 (98.86)

Duration of diabetes (years)

5.29 (4.79)

5.71 (5.00)

4.97 (4.61)

Duration of diabetes category (years)

 Up to 5 years

1,954 (63.86)

773 (59.37)

1,181 (67.18)

 5–10 years

665 (21.73)

336 (25.81)

329 (18.71)

 > 10 years

441 (14.41)

193 (14.82)

248 (14.11)

Diabetes medication

 No drug (only lifestyle modification)

331 (10.82)

98 (7.53)

233 (13.25)

 OHA

1,505 (49.18)

685 (52.61)

820 (46.64)

 OHA + Insulin

1,224 (40.00)

519 (39.86)

705 (40.10)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

2,087 (68.20)

894 (68.66)

1,193 (67.86)

 Hypothyroidism

447 (14.61)

94 (7.22)

353 (20.08)

 Hyperthyroidism

130 (4.25)

24 (1.84)

106 (6.03)

 Pulmonary diseases

728 (23.79)

242 (18.59)

486 (27.65)

 Musculoskeletal diseases

733 (23.95)

233 (17.90)

500 (28.44)

 Psychiatric diseases

821 (26.83)

267 (20.51)

554 (31.51)

Complications of diabetes

 Neuropathy

1,919 (62.71)

767 (58.91)

1,152 (65.53)

 Nephropathy

1,202 (39.28)

450 (34.56)

752 (42.78)

 Retinopathy

748 (24.44)

258 (19.82)

490 (27.87)

 Ischemic heart disease

2,179 (71.21)

883 (67.82)

1,296 (73.72)

 Stroke

745 (24.35)

262 (20.12)

483 (27.47)

 Peripheral vascular disease

1252 (40.9)

533 (40.94)

719 (40.90)

HbA1c (%)

9.55 (2.30)

9.45 (2.23)

9.62 (2.35)

HbA1c level

 < 7%

307 (10.03)

137 (10.52)

170 (9.67)

 7–8.9%

1,071 (35.00)

474 (36.41)

597 (33.96)

 ≥ 9%

1,682 (54.97)

691 (53.07)

991 (56.37)

Lipid lowering drug

 Moderate intensity statin (Atorvastatin 10–20 mg or Rosuvastatin 5–10 mg)

2,918 (95.36)

1,225 (94.09)

1,693 (96.30)

 High-intensity statin (Atorvastatin 40–80 mg or Rosuvastatin 20–40 mg)

23 (0.75)

17 (1.31)

6 (0.34)

 Non-statin (Fenofibrate)

119 (3.89)

60 (4.61)

59 (3.36)