Table 5 Bivariable and Multivariable binary logistics regression analysis of factors associated with foot deformity (n = 392)

Sex

Female

61

150

I

I

Male

70

111

1.55(1.02, 2.36)

1.34(0.74, 2.42)

0.342

Age

18–29 years

7

44

I

I

30–39 years

17

61

1.75 (0.66, 4.58)

1.21(0.36, 4.10)

0.749

40–49 years

33

68

3.05(1.24, 7.49)

1.90(0.54, 6.67)

0.314

50–59 years

45

61

4.63(1.9, 11.24)

2.74(0.76, 9.85)

0.121

≥ 60 years

29

27

6.72(2.59,17.25)

2.35(0.56, 9.89)

0.243

Residency

Urban

53

160

I

I

Rural

78

101

2.33 (1.52, 3.58)

2.63(1.31, 5.31)

0.007*

Education

College/ above

12

49

I

I

Secondary

30

79

1.55(0.70, 3.31)

2.07 (0.68, 6.29)

0.198

Primary

23

63

1.4 (0.67, 3.28)

1.47(0.53, 4.31)

0.473

Informal

30

30

4.08 (1.8, 9.17)

1.05(0.37, 2.98)

0.931

Unable to read and write

36

40

3.67(1.69, 7.98)

1.52(0.59, 3.94)

0.390

Alcohol

No

82

187

I

I

Yes

49

74

1.51(0.96, 2.36)

1.45(0.75, 2.83)

0.271

Physical activity

Active

71

189

I

I

Inactive

60

72

2.2(1.4, 3.44)

1.72(0.92, 3.21)

0.088

Type of DM

T1DM

28

97

I

I

T2DM

103

164

2.18(1.3, 3.54)

1.85(0.72, 4.73)

0.199

Duration of DM

< 10 years

54

181

I

I

≥ 10 years

77

80

3.23(2.09, 4.99)

2.74(1.50, 5.02)

0.001*

Glycaemic control

Good Control

43

134

I

I

Poor control

88

127

2.16(1.39, 3.34)

2.41(1.34, 4.33)

0.003*

BMI

Normal

44

117

I

I

Underweight

1

8

0.32(0.39, 2.75)

0.38(0.35, 4.31)

0.442

Overweight

62

108

1.52(0.90, 2.43)

1.02(0.51, 2.09)

0936

Obese

24

28

2.27(1.19, 4.34)

2.28(0.84, 6.15)

0.103

HTN

No

55

154

I

I

Yes

76

107

1.98(1.29, 3.04)

0.81(0.40, 1.61)

0.541

Footwear

Adequate

37

129

I

I

Inadequate

94

132

2.48 (1.58, 3.89)

2.11(1.16, 3.81)

0.013*

DPN

No

34

199

I

I

Yes

97

62

9.16(5.6, 14.85)

8.21(4.54,14.84)

< 0.001*

PVD

No

92

242

I

I

Yes

39

19

5.39 (2.96, 9.82)

1.45(0.66, 3.18)

0.349