Table 1 The characteristics of participants included in this study (n = 10,096),NHANES 2011–2018
Total BMD(g/cm²) | Q1(0.697–1.039) | Q2(1.039–1.108) | Q3(1.108–1.18) | Q4(1.18–1.88) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N, unweighted | 2504 | 2525 | 2532 | 2535 | |
Demographic data | |||||
Age(years) | 41.45 ± 12.49 | 38.17 ± 11.69 | 38.28 ± 11.10 | 38.75 ± 11.24 | < 0.001 |
Gender(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Male | 31.66 | 43.12 | 56.73 | 72.78 | |
Female | 68.34 | 56.88 | 43.27 | 27.22 | |
Race(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Mexican American | 12.37 | 10.69 | 11.66 | 7.88 | |
Other Hispanic | 9.01 | 8.08 | 7.13 | 5.44 | |
Non-Hispanic White | 60.57 | 62.74 | 61.71 | 58.95 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 5.42 | 7.84 | 10.96 | 20.08 | |
Other Race | 12.63 | 10.65 | 8.54 | 7.65 | |
Family income-to-poverty ratio | 2.82 ± 1.63 | 2.90 ± 1.63 | 2.92 ± 1.60 | 3.04 ± 1.61 | < 0.001 |
Education level(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Lower than high school | 15.57 | 12.93 | 13.41 | 11.14 | |
High school | 21.79 | 20.08 | 23.15 | 20.34 | |
More than high school | 62.64 | 66.99 | 63.44 | 68.52 | |
Personal habits | |||||
Smoke(%) | 0.077 | ||||
Never | 57.57 | 61.82 | 57.66 | 59.59 | |
Ever | 19.87 | 17.91 | 20 | 20.11 | |
Current | 22.56 | 20.27 | 22.34 | 20.3 | |
Alcohol use days per year | 2.76 ± 1.95 | 2.86 ± 2.37 | 3.03 ± 2.24 | 3.06 ± 2.08 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Inactive | 56.94 | 53.03 | 51.04 | 45.99 | |
Less active | 24.32 | 22.54 | 23.05 | 21.98 | |
Active | 18.74 | 24.43 | 25.91 | 32.03 | |
Protein intake(g) | 77.59 ± 28.77 | 82.67 ± 31.93 | 86.00 ± 33.49 | 92.56 ± 35.51 | < 0.001 |
Calcium intake(mg) | 903.37 ± 395.63 | 967.19 ± 468.14 | 994.65 ± 478.59 | 1065.91 ± 495.29 | < 0.001 |
Phosphorus intake(mg) | 1303.87 ± 458.41 | 1386.45 ± 531.55 | 1436.70 ± 552.73 | 1543.45 ± 581.23 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||||
Hypertension(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 14.46 | 11.75 | 11.73 | 15.45 | |
No | 85.54 | 88.25 | 88.27 | 84.55 | |
Diabetes(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 5.63 | 6.09 | 5.87 | 7.71 | |
No | 94.37 | 93.91 | 94.13 | 92.29 | |
Body examination data | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.20 ± 6.33 | 28.58 ± 6.74 | 28.62 ± 6.42 | 29.66 ± 6.22 | < 0.001 |
Weight(kg) | 73.49 ± 18.33 | 80.21 ± 19.81 | 82.97 ± 19.58 | 89.64 ± 19.75 | < 0.001 |
Height(cm) | 164.29 ± 8.89 | 167.50 ± 8.74 | 170.26 ± 8.98 | 173.83 ± 8.40 | < 0.001 |
Arm circumference(cm) | 31.38 ± 4.68 | 32.91 ± 4.86 | 33.45 ± 4.69 | 35.05 ± 4.59 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference(cm) | 93.97 ± 15.50 | 96.77 ± 16.05 | 97.43 ± 15.71 | 99.64 ± 15.30 | < 0.001 |
Android fat mass(%) | 36.58 ± 8.68 | 35.83 ± 8.95 | 34.35 ± 8.95 | 32.44 ± 8.71 | < 0.001 |
Android lean mass(%) | 63.42 ± 8.68 | 64.17 ± 8.95 | 65.65 ± 8.95 | 67.56 ± 8.71 | < 0.001 |
Gynoid fat mass(%) | 38.48 ± 8.02 | 36.59 ± 8.52 | 34.49 ± 8.36 | 31.45 ± 8.10 | < 0.001 |
Gynoid lean mass(%) | 61.52 ± 8.02 | 63.41 ± 8.52 | 65.51 ± 8.36 | 68.55 ± 8.10 | < 0.001 |
Arm fat mass(%) | 37.40 ± 10.67 | 35.28 ± 11.21 | 32.30 ± 10.94 | 28.89 ± 10.45 | < 0.001 |
Arm lean mass(%) | 59.05 ± 10.28 | 61.01 ± 10.82 | 63.78 ± 10.55 | 66.99 ± 10.05 | < 0.001 |
Leg fat mass(%) | 38.77 ± 9.11 | 36.56 ± 9.63 | 34.02 ± 9.36 | 30.62 ± 9.01 | < 0.001 |
Leg lean mass(%) | 58.26 ± 8.78 | 60.26 ± 9.22 | 62.56 ± 8.92 | 65.66 ± 8.53 | < 0.001 |
Torso fat mass(%) | 33.86 ± 8.21 | 32.80 ± 8.45 | 31.17 ± 8.42 | 29.02 ± 8.28 | < 0.001 |
Torso lean mass(%) | 64.75 ± 7.99 | 65.69 ± 8.23 | 67.22 ± 8.18 | 69.22 ± 8.00 | < 0.001 |
Total fat mass(%) | 35.47 ± 7.80 | 33.98 ± 8.26 | 31.95 ± 8.16 | 29.34 ± 7.97 | < 0.001 |
Total lean mass(%) | 61.86 ± 7.50 | 63.16 ± 7.95 | 65.00 ± 7.82 | 67.39 ± 7.60 | < 0.001 |