Table 2 Associations between early pregnancy serum uric acid levels and gestational diabetes & adverse infant birth outcomes (N = 18,250)

Hyperuricemia versus normal (reference)

Gestational diabetes mellitus

1.386

(1.208, 1.589)

< 0.001

1.394

(1.211, 1.606)

< 0.001

Caesarean section

1.133

(1.046, 1.227)

0.002

1.057

(0.972, 1.148)

0.194

Premature birth

1.284

(1.084, 1.520)

0.004

1.385

(1.168, 1.643)

< 0.001

Low birth weight

1.060

(0.877, 1.281)

0.546

1.193

(0.985, 1.444)

0.070

Macrosomia

1.047

(0.812, 1.350)

0.722

0.837

(0.646, 1.084)

0.178

Small for gestational age

1.024

(0.893, 1.174)

0.734

1.124

(0.978, 1.291)

0.100

Large for gestational age

1.191

(1.06, 1.333)

0.002

1.098

(0.980, 1.231)

0.108

Per one SD increase of uric acid levels

Gestational diabetes mellitus

1.159

(1.095, 1.227)

< 0.001

1.205

(1.136, 1.277)

< 0.001

Caesarean section

1.048

(1.016, 1.081)

0.003

1.018

(0.985, 1.052)

0.285

Premature birth

1.081

(1.008, 1.159)

0.028

1.137

(1.060, 1.221)

< 0.001

Low birth weight

1.050

(0.975, 1.131)

0.200

1.134

(1.051, 1.223)

0.001

Macrosomia

1.031

(0.933, 1.140)

0.544

0.918

(0828, 1.017)

0.101

Small for gestational age

1.029

(0.976, 1.086)

0.289

1.077

(1.020, 1.137)

0.008

Large for gestational age

1.015

(0.970, 1.062)

0.523

0.976

(0.932, 1.023)

0.317