Dietary caffeine intake is associated with favorable metabolic profile among apparently healthy overweight and obese individuals

Alshahrani, Shadia Hamoud; Atia, Yasir A.; Badir, Raheem Atiya; Almalki, Sami G.; Tayyib, Nahla A; Shahab, Sana; Romero-Parra, Rosario Mireya; Abid, Mohammed Kadhem; Hussien, Beneen M.; Ramaiah, Pushpamala

doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01477-1

Table 4 The odds of biochemical variables in second and third tertile of DCI versus first tertile in study population

From: Dietary caffeine intake is associated with favorable metabolic profile among apparently healthy overweight and obese individuals

DCI tertiles		OR	95% CI		P-value (I)	OR	95% CI		P-value (II)	OR	95% CI		P- value (III)	OR	95% CI		P- value (IV)
DCI tertiles		OR	LCI	UCI	P-value (I)	OR	LCI	UCI	P-value (II)	OR	LCI	UCI	P- value (III)	OR	LCI	UCI	P- value (IV)
1st	1 (Ref.)
2nd	SBP (mmHg)	0.99	0.96	1.03	0.62	0.98	0.97	1.02	0.43	0.99	0.95	1.02	0.41	0.98	0.93	1.02	0.20
	DBP (mmHg)	0.99	0.96	1.04	0.98	1.04	0.96	1.05	0.85	1.01	0.96	1.05	0.81	1.04	0.99	1.09	0.13
	FBS (mg/dl)	1.03	0.99	1.06	0.12	1.02	0.97	1.06	0.25	1.02	0.98	1.06	0.26	1.01	0.96	1.06	0.86
	TC (mg/dl)	1.02	0.98	1.02	0.83	1.01	0.98	1.03	0.89	1.03	0.98	1.03	0.81	1.01	0.99	1.02	0.81
	TG (mg/dl)	1.03	0.99	1.09	0.34	1.03	0.99	1.08	0.39	1.02	0.99	1.01	0.39	1.01	0.99	1.02	0.17
	HDL (mg/dl)	1.01	0.97	1.05	0.59	1.03	0.98	1.07	0.23	1.03	0.98	1.07	0.23	1.02	0.96	1.08	0.52
	LDL (mg/dl)	1.00	0.98	1.03	0.99	1.01	0.98	1.03	0.95	1.00	0.98	1.03	0.97	1.00	0.99	1.07	0.87
	Insulin (mIU/l)	1.18	1.01	1.39	0.04	1.16	0.98	1.37	0.08	1.16	0.98	1.38	0.09	1.09	0.82	1.44	0.56
	HOMA-IR	0.46	0.22	0.94	0.03	0.49	0.24	1.03	0.06	0.50	0.24	1.05	0.07	0.64	0.25	1.73	0.37
	QUICKI	0.99	0.98	1.20	0.53	0.98	0.55	1.71	0.38	0.98	0.98	1.01	0.44	0.98	0.98	1.22	0.47
3rd	SBP (mmHg)	1.01	0.97	1.03	0.86	0.99	0.96	1.03	0.80	0.99	0.96	1.03	0.61	0.95	0.91	1.00	0.05
	DBP (mmHg)	0.99	0.96	1.04	0.95	1.08	0.96	1.05	0.70	1.02	0.97	1.06	0.50	1.06	0.10	1.12	0.06
	FBS (mg/dl)	1.02	0.98	1.05	0.28	1.01	0.98	1.05	0.52	1.01	0.97	1.05	0.55	0.98	0.94	1.04	0.54
	TC (mg/dl)	1.03	0.99	1.07	0.15	1.03	0.99	1.07	0.16	1.04	0.99	1.08	0.09	0.99	0.98	1.06	0.23
	TG (mg/dl)	0.99	0.99	1.06	0.55	0.99	0.99	1.06	0.52	0.99	0.99	1.05	0.44	1.09	0.98	1.09	0.19
	HDL (mg/dl)	0.99	0.94	1.04	0.76	1.04	0.96	1.07	0.60	1.01	0.96	1.07	0.67	1.02	1.01	1.03	0.03
	LDL (mg/dl)	0.96	0.92	1.02	0.06	0.96	0.92	1.02	0.06	0.96	0.92	0.99	0.04	0.95	0.90	0.99	0.03
	Insulin (mIU/l)	1.09	0.93	1.27	0.30	1.06	0.91	1.25	0.45	1.06	0.90	1.26	0.46	0.94	0.72	1.24	0.67
	HOMA-IR	0.67	0.35	1.27	0.22	0.75	0.38	1.45	0.38	0.74	0.37	1.48	0.39	1.14	0.46	2.82	0.77
	QUICKI	0.99	1.09	1.02	0.37	0.98	0.93	1.03	0.48	0.94	0.51	1.73	0.59	0.98	1.10	1.02	0.97

DCI, dietary caffeine intake; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; TC, Total Cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; HDL-C, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL-C, Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. The multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used for estimation of ORs and confidence interval (CI). Model I: crude, Model II: adjusted for age and sex, Model III: adjusted for age, BMI, sex, physical activity, SES and energy intake. Model IV: adjusted for age, BMI, sex, physical activity, SES and dietary energy, vegetable, fiber and grain intake

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