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Table 1 Age- and sex-adjusted characteristics of participants according to the level of parental care and overprotection of the parent

From: Inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood are associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in adulthood in a general Japanese population: a cross-sectional analysis from the Hisayama Study

 

Father

Mother

Care

Overprotection

Care

Overprotection

High

Low

Low

High

High

Low

Low

High

(n = 374)

(n = 336)

(n = 332)

(n = 378)

(n = 370)

(n = 340)

(n = 344)

(n = 366)

Sociodemographic factors

 Age, mean (SE)

60.1 (0.6)

59.3 (0.6)

60.2 (0.6)

59.4 (0.6)

59.9 (0.6)

59.6 (0.6)

59.7 (0.6)

59.7 (0.6)

 Sex, male, %

28.2

48.9**

33.5

41.8*

31

45.6**

34.0

41.7*

 Paternal history of diabetes, %

9.6

11.1

10.1

10.6

10.2

10.5

10.4

10.3

 Maternal history of diabetes, %

7.6

7.8

7.5

7.8

7.2

8.3

7.8

7.6

 Marital status, without partner, %

17.2

19.3

17.1

19.1

15.5

21.2

17.6

18.8

 Educational level, under 10 years, %

8.8

11.4

9.1

10.9

7.9

12.4*

8.6

11.4

 Subjective economic level, low, %

14.8

26.3**

14.4

25.3**

13.9

27.1**

15.9

24.3**

Lifestyle and physical factors

 Hypertension, %

41.0

40.3

40.4

41.0

39.8

41.7

36.8

44.4

 Serum total cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SE)

5.29 (0.05)

5.25 (0.05)

5.30 (0.05)

5.25 (0.05)

5.30 (0.05)

5.24 (0.05)

5.31 (0.05)

5.24 (0.05)

 Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SE)

1.72 (0.02)

1.69 (0.02)

1.72 (0.02)

1.70 (0.02)

1.69 (0.02)

1.73 (0.02)

1.71 (0.02)

1.70 (0.02)

 Serum triglycerides, mmol/l, geometric mean (95%CI)

1.10 (1.05–1.16)

1.07 (1.01–1.13)

1.10 (1.05–1.17)

1.07 (1.02–1.13)

1.09 (1.04–1.15)

1.08 (1.02–1.14)

1.11 (1.05–1.17)

1.07 (1.02–1.13)

 BMI, kg/m2, mean (SE)

22.8 (0.2)

22.9 (0.2)

23.0 (0.2)

22.7 (0.2)

22.9 (0.2)

22.8 (0.2)

22.8 (0.2)

22.8 (0.2)

 Current smoker, %

6.0

7.9

6.7

7.1

6.7

7.1

6.4

7.4

 Current drinker, %

54.8

55.1

56.2

53.8

57.6

52.0

55.7

54.2

 Regular exercise, ≥ 3 times / week, %

12.0

14.2

13.9

12.3

14.0

12.0

15.0

11.2

 Serum cortisol, nmol/L, mean (SE)

283 (5)

279 (5)

280 (5)

282 (5)

280 (5)

282 (5)

280 (5)

282 (5)

  1. Values were tested by ANCOVA (for age, HDL cholesterol, BMI, cortisol and log-transformed triglycerides) or logistic regression model (for frequencies) with adjustment for age and sex. Age was sex-adjusted and sex was age-adjusted
  2. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or use of an antihypertensive agent
  3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Values are expressed as the age- and sex-adjusted mean (standard error [SE]) or frequency and geometric mean (95% CI)
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