Table 3 Comparison of clinical characteristics and adverse outcomes between the non-AI and AI groups in new ED patients with hyperglycemic crises between December 1, 2019 and April 30, 2021
Variable | Overall n = 271 | Non-AI n = 253 | AI n = 18 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 69.6 ± 16.6 | 70.0 ± 16.8 | 64.4 ± 13.5 | 0.113 |
Age subgroup (%) | 0.090* | |||
20 − 34 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 0 | |
35 − 49 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 16.7 | |
50 − 64 | 18.8 | 17.8 | 33.3 | |
65 − 74 | 21.4 | 20.9 | 27.8 | |
≥ 75 | 47.2 | 49.0 | 22.2 | |
Sex (%) | ||||
Female | 45.0 | 45.8 | 33.3 | 0.432 |
Male | 55.0 | 54.2 | 66.7 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 4.6 | 22.7 ± 4.6 | 22.9 ± 4.7 | 0.849 |
Asian BMI level subgroup (%) | ||||
< 18.5 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 27.8 | 0.267 |
18.5 − 22.9 | 41.7 | 43.01 | 22.2 | |
23 − 24.9 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 16.7 | |
≥ 25 | 25.5 | 24.9 | 33.3 | |
Vital signs at triage | ||||
Glasgow coma scale | 11.7 ± 3.9 | 11.6 ± 3.9 | 13.67 ± 2.4 | 0.002 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 101.6 ± 23.0 | 102.3 ± 23.1 | 91.4 ± 19.8 | 0.037 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 137.8 ± 36.8 | 137.9 ± 36.1 | 135.9 ± 46.9 | 0.859 |
Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 20.1 ± 4.7 | 20.3 ± 4.7 | 18.0 ± 3.5 | 0.018 |
Body temperature (°C) | 36.6 ± 0.9 | 36.6 ± 0.9 | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 0.893 |
Bedridden (%) | 66.8 | 66.8 | 66.7 | 0.805 |
Nasogastric tub feeding (%) | 14.0 | 14.2 | 11.1 | > 0.999 |
Past histories (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 62.7 | 64.0 | 44.4 | 0.159 |
Hyperlipidemia | 37.3 | 37.2 | 38.9 | 0.916 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 33.6 | 34.8 | 16.7 | 0.189 |
Malignancy | 15.1 | 15.4 | 11.1 | > 0.999 |
Chronic kidney disease | 22.9 | 22.9 | 22.2 | > 0.999 |
Laboratory data | ||||
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 28.2 ± 15.2 | 28.2 ± 15.7 | 28.8 ± 7.7 | 0.753 |
White blood cell count (103/µL) | 11.6 ± 6.4 | 11.6 ± 6.5 | 12.6 ± 5.5 | 0.440 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 2.3 | 0.234 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5 ± 3.0 | 12.5 ± 3.0 | 13.0 ± 2.6 | 0.391 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 416.8 ± 367.3 | 407.7 ± 363.9 | 544.1 ± 401.1 | 0.177 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 50.4 ± 83.8 | 51.9 ± 85.7 | 29.0 ± 47.4 | 0.076 |
Concomitant infection (%) | 62.0 | 62.8 | 50.0 | 0.405 |
PHD score | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 0.127 |
PHD risk class (%) | ||||
Low risk (Score 0–2) | 50.9 | 49.8 | 66.7 | 0.366 |
Intermediate risk (Score 3) | 29.2 | 29.6 | 22.2 | |
High risk (Score ≥ 4) | 19.9 | 20.6 | 11.1 | |
Outcomes < 1 month (%) | ||||
Sepsis or septic shock | 37.6 | 37.5 | 38.9 | 0.890 |
ICU admission | 19.2 | 19.8 | 11.1 | 0.540 |
All-cause mortality | 14.8 | 15.0 | 11.1 | > 0.999 |