Table 4 Characteristics similarities & differences between types of autoimmune diabetes [19, 20]
Characteristics | Usual Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | Late Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) | Autoimmune Diabetes following COVID-19 Vaccine |
|---|---|---|---|
Age at onset | Most commonly in Childhood | Adult age (30–50 years of age); but may occur at any age | Adult age (25–75 years of age) |
Typical weight | Normal – underweight | Normal – overweight | Normal – underweight |
Symptoms at onset | Acute | Insidious | Acute |
Time to requiring insulin | At onset | Months-years | At onset |
Presence of Autoantibodies | Yes | Yes | Yes |
C-peptide levels | Low-undetectable | Low-normal | Low-undetectable |
Personal or family history of other autoimmune disease | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Genetic susceptibility | Yes | Yes | Yes |
DKA at presentation | Common | Rare | Common |
Honeymoon phase | Yes (usually after 6–18 months) | No | Possible (after 4–8 weeks) |