Table 1 Baseline characteristics and the rates of AS progression
Total study population (n = 1,364) | Group 1 No DM (n = 1,027) | Group 2 DM, well-controlled (n = 193) | Group 3 DM, poorly-controlled (n = 144) | Overall P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 74 (65 – 80) | 73 (63 – 79) | 76 (70 – 81) | 75 (70 – 80) | < 0.001 |
Male sex | 645 (47.3%) | 470 (45.8%) | 108 (56.0%) | 67 (46.5%) | 0.033 |
Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2 (22.2 – 26.7) | 24.0 (22.1 – 26.3) | 24.5 (22.3 – 27.5) | 24.9 (23.0 – 27.9) | < 0.001 |
Body-surface area (m2) | 1.6 (1.5 – 1.8) | 1.6 (1.5 – 1.8) | 1.7 (1.6 – 1.8) | 1.7 (1.6 – 1.8) | 0.002 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129 (116 – 142) | 128 (116 – 141) | 129 (118 – 146) | 134 (118 – 149) | 0.015 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70 (63 – 79) | 71 (64 – 79) | 68 (62 – 75) | 68 (60 – 77) | 0.006 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 72 (64 – 84) | 72 (64 – 85) | 73 (64 – 83) | 72 (65 – 82) | 0.798 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | N/A | N/A | 4.3 (0.8 – 7.5) | 4.9 (0.3 – 8.6) | N/A |
Hypertension | 379 (27.8%) | 247 (17.4%) | 85 (6.0%) | 47 (3.3%) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 177 (13.0%) | 99 (7.0%) | 43 (3.0%) | 35 (2.5%) | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | 269 (19.7%) | 177 (12.5%) | 52 (3.7%) | 40 (2.8%) | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | 124 (9.1%) | 82 (5.8%) | 25 (1.8%) | 17 (1.2%) | 0.043 |
Atrial fibrillation | 153 (11.2%) | 109 (7.7%) | 25 (1.8%) | 19 (1.3%) | 0.466 |
Laboratory findings | |||||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.4 (10.8 – 13.7) | 12.6 (11.2 – 13.9) | 11.4 (10.3 – 13.2) | 11.5 (10.1 – 13.1) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.7 – 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7 – 1.1) | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.6) | 1.0 (0.8 – 1.5) | < 0.001 |
GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 75.9 (51.7 – 95.9) | 82.5 (58.8 – 97.1) | 60.2 (35.8 – 85.0) | 64.8 (36.3 – 88.0) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 158 (133 – 187) | 164 (139 – 193) | 143 (122 – 168.5) | 141 (127 – 164) | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 103 (77 – 144) | 99 (74 – 142) | 112.5 (76 – 146.5) | 113 (84.8 – 173) | 0.007 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47 (38 – 57) | 49 (41 – 60) | 42 (36 – 53) | 41 (35 – 49) | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 89 (71 – 109) | 95 (75 – 116) | 83 (65 – 100) | 79 (63 – 97) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) at baseline | 6.1 (5.6 – 6.9) | 5.8 (5.4 – 6.1) | 6.4 (5.9 – 6.8) | 7.6 (7.0 – 8.6) | < 0.001 |
Prior HbA1c (%)a | 6.4 (5.7 – 6.9) | 5.9 (5.5 – 6.1) | 6.7 (6.2 – 7.0) | 7.8 (7.1 – 8.3) | < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 105 (93 – 129) | 101 (92 – 114) | 118 (100 – 144) | 141 (113.5 – 173) | < 0.001 |
Variability of fasting glucose during follow-up | |||||
Standard deviation of fasting glucose (SDFG) | 13.2 (6.1 – 26.6) | 8.5 (4.7 – 18.8) | 15.5 (8.5 – 28.3) | 30.7 (17.1 – 52.1) | < 0.001 |
Coefficient of variation of fasting glucose (CVFG) | 11.5 (6.1 – 22.0) | 8.3 (4.9 – 16.3) | 13.3 (7.7 – 22.3) | 22.9 (13.0 – 34.1) | < 0.001 |
Average real variation of fasting glucose (ARVFG) | 0.3 (-4.5 – 4.0) | 0.3 (-3.0 – 3.8) | 0.3 (-5.3 – 3.2) | 0.4 (-12.8 – 8.9) | 0.770 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||||
LVEF (%) | 62.6 (57.1 – 67.2) | 62.7 (57.4 – 67.2) | 62.3 (55.7 – 67.2) | 62.3 (55.7 – 67.2) | 0.381 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 108.4 (91.4 – 130.2) | 108.1 (90.7 – 130.6) | 113.6 (94.5 – 133.1) | 106.6 (95.5 – 125.3) | 0.311 |
LAVI (mL/m2) | 42.8 (32.6 – 60.0) | 42.7 (32.3 – 60.5) | 44.1 (34.4 – 60.8) | 44 (32.3 – 57.8) | 0.981 |
Vpeak (m/sec) | 2.5 (2.2 – 2.9) | 2.5 (2.2 – 3.0) | 2.4 (2.2 – 2.8) | 2.4 (2.2 – 2.9) | 0.017 |
meanPG (mmHg) | 13.0 (10.1 – 19.4) | 13.3 (10.4 – 20.0) | 12.5 (10.0 – 17.1) | 12.9 (10.0 – 18.5) | 0.075 |
AVA (cm2) | 1.3 (1.1 – 1.6) | 1.3 (1.1 – 1.6) | 1.3 (1.2 – 1.6) | 1.3 (1.1 – 1.4) | 0.293 |
Medication | |||||
RAS blocker | 462 (33.9%) | 309 (30.1%) | 96 (49.7%) | 57 (39.6%) | < 0.001 |
Beta blocker | 294 (21.6%) | 194 (18.9%) | 56 (29.0%) | 44 (30.6%) | < 0.001 |
Calcium channel blocker | 325 (23.8%) | 203 (19.8%) | 76 (39.4%) | 46 (31.9%) | < 0.001 |
Spironolactone | 70 (5.1%) | 53 (5.2%) | 10 (5.2%) | 7 (4.9%) | 0.988 |
Statins | 458 (33.6%) | 291 (28.3%) | 84 (43.5%) | 83 (57.6%) | < 0.001 |
Warfarin | 139 (10.2%) | 116 (11.3%) | 16 (8.3%) | 7 (4.9%) | 0.037 |
DOAC | 37 (2.7%) | 24 (2.3%) | 8 (4.2%) | 5 (3.5%) | 0.307 |
Antiplatelet agents | 448 (32.8%) | 284 (27.7%) | 89 (46.1%) | 75 (52.1%) | < 0.001 |
Metformin | 105 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 60 (31.2%) | 45 (31.3%) | < 0.001 |
DPP4 inhibitors | 65 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 31 (16.1%) | 34 (23.6%) | < 0.001 |
SGLT2 inhibitors | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.048 |
Sulfonylurea | 78 (5.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 41 (21.2%) | 37 (25.7%) | < 0.001 |
Thiazolidinedione | 6 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 4 (2.8%) | < 0.001 |
Alpha glucosidase inhibitor | 12 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (3.6%) | 5 (3.5%) | < 0.001 |
AS severity at baseline | |||||
Mild AS | 1031 (75.6%) | 766 (74.6%) | 154 (79.8%) | 111 (77.1%) | 0.275 |
Moderate AS | 333 (24.4%) | 261 (25.4%) | 39 (20.2%) | 33 (22.9%) | 0.807 |
AS severity at baseline | |||||
Mild AS | 878 (64.4%) | 653 (63.6%) | 134 (69.4%) | 91 (63.2%) | 0.211 |
Moderate AS | 346 (25.4%) | 261 (25.4%) | 42 (21.8%) | 43 (29.9%) | 0.239 |
Severe AS | 140 (10.3%) | 113 (11.0%) | 17 (8.8%) | 10 (6.9%) | 0.250 |
AS progression rate | |||||
Follow-up interval (months) | 18.4 (12.3 – 31.4) | 18.6 (12.4 – 31.8) | 18.6 (12.3 – 27.8) | 16.7 (11.6 – 29.0) | 0.199 |
△Vpeak/year (m/sec/year) | 0.064 (-0.034 – 0.225) | 0.057 (-0.042 – 0.225) | 0.071 (0.000 – 0.205) | 0.092 (-0.002 – 0.273) | 0.015 |
△meanPG/year (mmHg/year) | 0.705 (-0.493 – 2.931) | 0.585 (-0.624 – 2.812) | 0.991 (-0.229 – 2.638) | 1.178 (-0.156 – 3.259) | 0.059 |