Table 1 Characteristic distribution of the participants in NHANES 2005–2018 across dietary iron intake
From: Dietary iron intake and its impact on osteopenia/osteoporosis
Variables | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 2,924 | N = 2,922 | N = 2,927 | N = 2,917 | |||
Age | 63.6 (10.5) | 63.2 (10.6) | 62.5 (10.6) | 62.0 (10.9) | < 0.001 | |
Sex | Female | 1,789 (61.2%) | 1,526 (52.2%) | 1,271 (43.4%) | 889 (30.5%) | < 0.001 |
Male | 1,135 (38.8%) | 1,396 (47.8%) | 1,656 (56.6%) | 2,028 (69.5%) | ||
Educational attainment | Above high school | 1,571 (53.9%) | 1,683 (57.7%) | 1,727 (59.1%) | 1,793 (61.5%) | < 0.001 |
High school | 884 (30.3%) | 845 (28.9%) | 830 (28.4%) | 800 (27.5%) | ||
Less than high school | 461 (15.8%) | 391 (13.4%) | 367 (12.6%) | 321 (11.0%) | ||
Sex | Female | 1,789 (61.2%) | 1,526 (52.2%) | 1,271 (43.4%) | 889 (30.5%) | < 0.001 |
Male | 1,135 (38.8%) | 1,396 (47.8%) | 1,656 (56.6%) | 2,028 (69.5%) | ||
Races | Mexican American | 372 (12.7%) | 428 (14.6%) | 441 (15.1%) | 411 (14.1%) | < 0.001 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 760 (26.0%) | 570 (19.5%) | 526 (18.0%) | 457 (15.7%) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 1,259 (43.1%) | 1,406 (48.1%) | 1,486 (50.8%) | 1,621 (55.6%) | ||
Other Hispanic | 322 (11.0%) | 267 ( 9.1%) | 241 ( 8.2%) | 225 ( 7.7%) | ||
Other Race - Including Multi-Racial | 211 ( 7.2%) | 251 ( 8.6%) | 233 ( 8.0%) | 203 ( 7.0%) | ||
Alcohol intake | Heavy | 281 (17.6%) | 301 (17.4%) | 290 (16.4%) | 314 (17.1%) | < 0.001 |
Mild | 912 (57.3%) | 1,008 (58.4%) | 1,102 (62.2%) | 1,171 (63.7%) | ||
Moderate | 400 (25.1%) | 417 (24.2%) | 379 (21.4%) | 352 (19.2%) | ||
Smoking status | Former | 836 (28.6%) | 973 (33.3%) | 1,007 (34.4%) | 1,035 (35.5%) | < 0.001 |
Never | 1,510 (51.7%) | 1,439 (49.2%) | 1,462 (50.0%) | 1,365 (46.8%) | ||
Now | 576 (19.7%) | 510 (17.5%) | 457 (15.6%) | 517 (17.7%) | ||
BMI | 0–20 | 135 ( 4.6%) | 112 ( 3.9%) | 83 ( 2.8%) | 102 ( 3.5%) | 0.005 |
20–25 | 654 (22.5%) | 628 (21.6%) | 649 (22.3%) | 689 (23.7%) | ||
25–30 | 1,057 (36.4%) | 1,132 (39.0%) | 1,137 (39.0%) | 1,139 (39.2%) | ||
30- | 1,060 (36.5%) | 1,034 (35.6%) | 1,046 (35.9%) | 979 (33.7%) | ||
Physical activity, (MET, per week) | 3437.6 (5656.9) | 3577.1 (5792.3) | 3564.8 (5279.1) | 3951.5 (5924.2) | 0.023 | |
The ratio of family poverty | 0-1.5 | 1,011 (38.3%) | 830 (31.3%) | 774 (29.1%) | 759 (28.2%) | < 0.001 |
1.5–3.5 | 913 (34.6%) | 915 (34.5%) | 896 (33.7%) | 884 (32.8%) | ||
3.5- | 713 (27.0%) | 911 (34.3%) | 987 (37.1%) | 1,051 (39.0%) | ||
Diabetes | DM | 847 (29.0%) | 758 (25.9%) | 750 (25.6%) | 690 (23.7%) | < 0.001 |
IFG | 151 ( 5.2%) | 136 ( 4.7%) | 168 ( 5.7%) | 192 ( 6.6%) | ||
IGT | 137 ( 4.7%) | 141 ( 4.8%) | 140 ( 4.8%) | 140 ( 4.8%) | ||
No | 1,789 (61.2%) | 1,887 (64.6%) | 1,869 (63.9%) | 1,895 (65.0%) | ||
CVD | No | 2,396 (81.9%) | 2,413 (82.6%) | 2,452 (83.8%) | 2,432 (83.4%) | 0.24 |
Yes | 528 (18.1%) | 508 (17.4%) | 474 (16.2%) | 485 (16.6%) | ||
Osteopenia | No | 1,449 (54.1%) | 1,555 (57.2%) | 1,651 (59.7%) | 1,685 (61.3%) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1,230 (45.9%) | 1,165 (42.8%) | 1,116 (40.3%) | 1,063 (38.7%) | ||
Osteoporosis | No | 1,449 (85.5%) | 1,555 (88.5%) | 1,651 (91.2%) | 1,685 (90.9%) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 245 (14.5%) | 202 (11.5%) | 160 ( 8.8%) | 169 ( 9.1%) |