Table 3 Changes in body composition and biochemical indices before and after 6 months of intervention

Weight (kg)

93.6 ± 12.8

89.8 ± 13.9

0.005*

88.1 ± 20.5

82.3 ± 18.1

0.030*

Body fat percentage (%)

47.7 ± 4.7

47.2 ± 5.2

0.729

47.7 ± 3.9

45.0 ± 4.8

< 0.001**

BMI (kg/m²)

37.4 ± 5.2

35.8 ± 5.5

0.003*

36.9 ± 6.7

33.8 ± 6.1

< 0.001**

Skeletal muscle mass (kg)

26.1 ± 3.2

25.6 ± 3.1

0.005*

25.4 ± 4.8

24.3 ± 4.5

< 0.001**

Body fat (kg)

45.6 ± 8.6

42.6 ± 10.3

0.016*

43.3 ± 12.5

37.6 ± 11.6

< 0.001**

Subcutaneous fat area (cm²)

497.0 ± 133.7

408.8 ± 166.4

0.015*

429.1 ± 159.3

391.5 ± 157.2

0.154

Visceral fat area (cm²)

161.8 ± 67.6

135.1 ± 93.2

0.041*

175.6 ± 64.9

150.7 ± 60.7

0.019*

HbA1c (%)

5.8 (5.5–6.1)

5.8 (5.4–5.9)

0.027*^,†

6.0 ± 0.6

5.8 ± 0.5

0.014*

AST (IU/L)

21.50 (17.8–31.3)

18.0 (16.0–24.5)

0.020*^,†

30.0 (17.0–35.8)

18.0 (17.0–24.8)

0.022*^,†

ALT (IU/L)

28.0 (17.8–39.3)

16.5 (14.0–29.8)

0.008*^,†

36.5 (20.3–55.3)

22.0 (15.8–36.3)

0.008**^,†

GGT (IU/L)

32.5 ± 15.2

24.6 ± 10.1

0.005**

37.6 ± 17.2

25.1 ± 12.9

0.002**

FPG (mg/dL)

104.5(91.3–109.0)

99.5 (95.8–106.5)

0.929^†

107.4 ± 17.2

98.1 ± 12.5

0.007**

TG (mg/dL)

110.5(82.5–162.3)

91.5 (73.5–131.0)

0.002*^,†

116.5(76.3-224.8)

87.0 (61.0–129.3)

0.059^†

HDL (mg/dL)

45.4 ± 9.5

57.4 ± 15.1

< 0.001**

41.0 (35.0–49.0)

48.5 (43.3–56.5)

0.001**^,†

LDL (mg/dL)

113.0 ± 28.3

126.0 ± 20.9

0.049*

111.1 ± 33.1

119.8 ± 31.3

0.013*

IRI (µU/mL)

11.0 (7.1–21.3)

14.9 (10.0–24.7)

0.272^†

12.5 (9.1–18.2)

9.9 (6.2–16.9)

0.215^†

HOMA-R

3.8 ± 2.3

4.2 ± 1.9

0.551

3.7 (2.1–3.9)

2.2 (1.5–4.0)

0.109^†