Table 1 Demographic of the study groups (n = 112)

Age (years)

41.40 ± 8.42

39.49 ± 5.39

42.50 ± 7.42

Gender (Male/Female)

18/18

21/17

20/18

Schooling level (With/Without university education)

8/28

11/27

10/28

Body mass index (BMI, kg/m²)

23.49 ± 0.52

28.53 ± 3.21*

35.80 ± 3.90*#

Waist/hip ratio (WHR, cm/cm)

0.71 ± 0.14

0.81 ± 0.42*

0.85 ± 0.24*#

Hypertension (yes, no)

3/33

5/33

7/31

Pulmonary disease (yes, no)

1/35

1/37

0/38

Cardiovascular disease (yes, no)

2/34

2/36

3/35

Renal disease (yes, no)

0/36

1/37

2/36

Metabolic disease (yes, no)

2/34

1/37

1/37

Immune system disease (yes, no)

0/36

0/38

1/37

Current alcohol habit (yes, no)

10/26

7/31

11/27

Current smoking habit (yes, no)

16/20

11/27

12/26

Physical activity practice (yes, no)

6/30

7/31

6/32

Dental floss usage (More/ Not more than once/day)

2/34

2/36

4/34

Frequency of brushing (More/ Not more than once/day)

31/5

31/7

33/5