Table 1 Study population characteristics based on diabetic and non-diabetic subjects at the end of the second phase of the Yazd Health Study
non-diabetic (n = 5371) | diabetic (n = 343) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | |||
Age (year) | < 0.001 | ||
20–29 years (%) | 24.7 | 5.6 | |
30–39 years (%) | 23.9 | 9.7 | |
40–49 years (%) | 22.7 | 27.6 | |
50–59 years (%) | 16.1 | 32.1 | |
60–69 years (%) | 12.6 | 25.0 | |
Male (%) | 51.4 | 45.1 | 0.024 |
Body mass index (Kg.m2) | 26.5 ± 5.1 | 29.8 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity (MET/min/week) | 17.8 ± 15.3 | 14.4 ± 12.4 | < 0.001 |
Smoking (yes, %) | 11.0 | 11.7 | 0.708 |
Menopausal status (yes, %) | 13.4 | 31.2 | < 0.001 |
Marital status (married, %) | 83.3 | 90.6 | < 0.001 |
Education level (diploma and higher, %) | 51.7 | 33.8 | < 0.001 |
Family size (≤ 4 member, %) | 73.7 | 71.5 | 0.380 |
House acquisition (yes, %) | 76.6 | 88.2 | < 0.001 |
Occupation status (employed, %) | 82.6 | 81.2 | 0.530 |
Socio economic status (%) | 0.060 | ||
Low (%) | 31.4 | 34.0 | |
Middle (%) | 45.2 | 48.4 | |
High (%) | 23.4 | 17.6 | |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 34.9 | 45.5 | < 0.001 |
Dietary intake | |||
Energy intake (Kcal/d) | 2574 ± 973 | 2573 ± 1012 | 0.991 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 53.1 ± 7.8 | 53.8 ± 7.7 | 0.128 |
Protein (% of energy) | 15.5 ± 3.9 | 15.2 ± 3.8 | 0.082 |
Fat (% of energy) | 31.3 ± 6.9 | 31.0 ± 6.6 | 0.444 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (% of energy) | 8.1 ± 4.9 | 7.8 ± 3.7 | 0.202 |
Fiber (g/1000 Kcal) | 9.1 ± 4.2 | 9.7 ± 4.0 | 0.006 |
Insulin Indices | |||
EDIR (per 1000 Kcal) | 0.32 ± 0.18 | 0.30 ± 0.15 | 0.036 |
EDIH (per 1000 Kcal) | 0.08 (0.04–0.133) | 0.068 (0.028–0.125) | 0.070 |
ELIR | 4.83 ± 2.55 | 4.75 ± 2.38 | 0.573 |
ELIH | 1.50 ± 0.45 | 1.67 ± 0.48 | < 0.001 |