Table 2 Clinical characteristics according to dental care and oral conditions

Age (years)

69.6 (9.1)

68.9 (8.5)

0.515

70.2 (9.3)

68.6 (8.3)

0.147

70.5 (7.1)

69.7 (9.1)

0.138

68.2 (8.7)

74.4 (6.5)

< 0.001

Sex (men/women)

55/26

107/78

0.158

68/20

94/84

< 0.001

40/27

122/77

0.930

133/95

29/9

0.054

Duration of diabetes (years)

18.0 (11.4)

17.4 (11.7)

0.732

19.2 (12.2)

16.8 (11.3)

0.114

20.0 (12.0)

16.8 (11.4)

0.054

17.2 (11.5)

20.3 (12.3)

0.120

Family history of diabetes (-/+)

51/30

103/82

0.331

53/35

101/77

0.682

41/26

113/86

0.625

128/100

26/12

0.214

BMI (kg/m²)

23.0 (3.3)

23.8 (4.1)

0.098

23.8 (4.4)

23.4 (3.7)

0.498

22.9 (3.6)

23.8 (4.0)

0.101

23.7 (3.9)

22.8 (3.8)

0.219

SBP (mmHg)

129.5 (17.7)

131.2 (15.4)

0.425

134.4 (16.2)

128.8 (15.8)

0.008

128.9 (16.9)

131.3 (15.8)

0.296

129.7 (15.3)

136.2 (19.7)

0.022

DBP (mmHg)

73.1 (13.0)

74.1 (10.9)

0.529

75.4 (12.2)

72.9 (11.2)

0.096

71.4 (12.2)

74.6 (11.3)

0.055

73.7 (11.2)

74.3 (13.6)

0.763

Antihypertensive drugs (-/+)

31/50

77,108

0.707

24/64

84/94

0.003

26/41

82/117

0.840

100/128

8/30

0.013

Presence of hypertension (-/+)

29/52

60/125

0.693

21/67

68/110

0.028

19/48

70/129

0.383

83/145

6/32

0.021

Insulin (-/+)

61/20

135/50

0.805

62/26

134/44

0.488

41/26

155/44

0.012

171/57

25/13

0.320

SGLT2 inhibitor (-/+)

65/16

147/38

1.000

66/22

146/32

0.239

50/17

162/37

0.309

180/48

32/6

0.597

GLP-1 agonist (-/+)

76/5

158/27

0.082

70/18

164/14

0.006

57/10

177/22

0.532

201/27

33/5

1.000

Habit of smoking (-/+)

67/14

160/25

0.541

69/19

158/20

0.039

52/15

175/24

0.062

194/34

33/5

0.972

Habit of exercise (-/+)

40/41

84/101

0.642

48/40

76/102

0.091

30/37

94/105

0.836

106/122

18/20

1.000

Habit of drinking alcohol (-/+)

18/63

125/60

0.124

54/34

134/44

0.028

46/21

142/57

0.791

162/66

26/12

0.891

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

56.7 (11.8)

56.5 (10.1)

0.931

58.3 (12.0)

55.7 (9.7)

0.061

58.1 (13.7)

56.1 (9.3)

0.172

56.6 (10.4)

56.3 (11.9)

0.889

HbA1c (%)

7.3 (1.1)

7.3 (0.9)

0.931

7.5 (1.1)

7.2 (0.9)

0.061

7.5 (1.3)

7.3 (0.9)

0.172

7.3 (1.0)

7.3 (1.1)

0.889

Plasma glucose (mmol/L)

8.1 (2.1)

8.0 (2.2)

0.841

8.5 (2.4)

7.8 (2.0)

0.010

7.9 (2.0)

8.1 (2.2)

0.438

8.0 (2.1)

8.7 (2.7)

0.054

Creatinine (umol/L)

79.9 (47.8)

71.5 (24.6)

0.061

80.3 (42.7)

71.0 (27.6)

0.032

70.9 (24.2)

75.1 (36.1)

0.376

73.1 (34.6)

80.1 (25.5)

0.234

SMI (kg/m²)

6.8 (1.0)

6.9 (1.1)

0.335

7.1 (1.1)

6.8 (1.1)

0.028

6.7 (1.1)

6.9 (1.1)

0.116

6.9 (1.1)

6.7 (1.1)

0.441

Low skeletal muscle mass (-/+)

49/32

134/51

0.073

61/27

122/56

1.000

36/31

147/52

0.003

163/65

20/18

0.033

Handgrip strength (kg)

25.5 (8.6)

26.8 (8.5)

0.282

27.3 (9.4)

25.9 (8.1)

0.205

24.9 (7.8)

26.9 (8.7)

0.104

26.7 (8.6)

24.4 (7.9)

0.114

Low muscle strength (-/+)

46/35

132/53

0.029

47/41

131/47

0.002

40/27

138/61

0.193

163/65

15/23

< 0.001

Presence of sarcopenia (-/+)

59/22

159/26

0.017

66/22

152/26

0.057

49/18

169/30

0.047

194/34

24/14

0.002

Family dentist (-/+)

-

-

-

32/56

49/129

0.183

26/41

55/144

0.118

61/167

20/18

0.003

Toothbrushing behavior (-/+)

32/49

56/129

0.183

-

-

-

21/46

67/132

0.842

66/162

22/16

< 0.001

Chewing ability (poor/good)

26/55

41/144

0.118

21/67

46/132

0.842

-

-

-

46/182

21/17

< 0.001

Use of complete dentures (-/+)

61/20

167/18

0.003

66/22

162/16

< 0.001

46/21

182/17

< 0.001

-

-

-