Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participants

Age (years)

69.1 (8.7)

Sex (men/women)

162/104

Duration of diabetes (years)

17.6 (11.6)

Family history of diabetes (-/+)

154/112

BMI (kg/m²)

23.6 (3.9)

SBP (mmHg)

130.7 (16.1)

DBP (mmHg)

73.8 (11.6)

Antihypertensive drugs (-/+)

108/158

Presence of hypertension (-/+)

89/177

Insulin (-/+)

196/70

SGLT2 inhibitor (-/+)

212/54

GLP-1 agonist (-/+)

234/32

DPP4 inhibitor (-/+)

94/172

Metformin (-/+)

150/116

SU (-/+)

177/89

Thiazolidine (-/+)

253/13

Glinide (-/+)

228/38

α-glycosidase inhibitor (-/+)

229/37

Habit of smoking (-/+)

227/39

Habit of exercise (-/+)

124/142

Habit of drinking alcohol (-/+)

188/78

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

56.6 (10.6)

HbA1c (%)

7.3 (1.0)

Plasma glucose (mmol/L)

8.1 (2.2)

Creatinine (umol/L)

74.1 (33.5)

SMI (kg/m²)

6.9 (1.1)

Low skeletal muscle mass (-/+)

183/83

Handgrip strength (kg)

26.4 (8.5)

Low muscle strength (-/+)

178/88

Presence of sarcopenia (-/+)

218/48

Family dentist (-/+)

81/185

Toothbrushing behavior (-/+)

88/178

Chewing ability (good/poor)

199/67

Use of complete dentures (-/+)

228/38