Table 4 Biochemical parameters of study participants based on MetS status across different tertiles of dietary choline, betaine and total choline and betaine intake
|  | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | TC (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) | HDL-C (mg/dL) | LDL-C (mg/dL) | Glucose (mg/dL) | Insulin (µIU/mL) | HOMA-IR | QUICKI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MetS | Total choline | T1 | 129.35 (17.82) | 85.16 (13.82) | 202.06 (39.00) | 179.87 (92.20) | 38.67 (7.90) | 129.74 (34.27) | 96.45 (17.01) | 16.13 (8.21) | 3.77 (1.83) | 0.32 (0.03) |
T2 | 128.60 (16.41) | 83.26 (12.66) | 200.47 (33.01) | 201.43 (67.54) | 39.47 (6.37) | 122.68 (31.38) | 99.91 (21.57) | 18.83 (9.27) | 4.60 (2.24) | 0.31 (0.03) | ||
T3 | 123.48 (26.34) | 79.18 (17.97) | 199.25 (40.13) | 164.11 (69.38) | 41.29 (8.08) | 127.22 (37.32) | 113.74 (45.75) | 21.84 (28.77) | 5.95 (6.88) | 0.31 (0.03) | ||
P* | 0.392 | 0.997 | 0.643 | 0.146 | 0.077 | 0.719 | 0.096 | 0.358 | 0.276 | 0.488 | ||
Total betaine | T1 | 133.57 (18.45) | 85.96 (11.67) | 203.46 (46.68) | 194.84 (95.09) | 40.61 (10.19) | 130.06 (40.15) | 101.15 (22.90) | 20.10 (12.04) | 4.92 (3.25) | 0.31(0.02) | |
T2 | 123.15 (13.13) | 78.57 (11.23) | 197.73 (27.88) | 175.73 (60.02) | 40.07 (5.90) | 122.36 (28.38) | 108.30 (44.90) | 17.12 (9.36) | 4.67 (3.60) | 0.32 (0.03) | ||
T3 | 125.06 (26.47) | 83.27 (19.73) | 200.82 (36.48) | 172.58 (78.84) | 38.75 (6.11) | 128.13 (34.07) | 100.44 (21.93) | 19.14 (26.71) | 4.63 (5.74) | 0.32 (0.03) | ||
P* | 0.131 | 0.476 | 0.509 | 0.131 | 0.187 | 0.506 | 0.503 | 0.396 | 0.300 | 0.447 | ||
Total choline and betaine | T1 | 130.82 (19.41) | 84.28 (12.53) | 200.57 (40.25) | 186.39 (92.17) | 39.32 (8.56) | 126.55 (34.24) | 97.82 (23.95) | 16.67 (8.73) | 3.86 (1.84) | 0.32 (0.03) | |
T2 | 126.13 (13.53) | 83.86 (15.34) | 202.90 (35.59) | 174.54 (71.14) | 40.86 (7.74) | 130.01 (37.35) | 110.09 (47.23) | 23.21 (11.99) | 6.40 (4.29) | 0.30 (0.03) | ||
T3 | 124.64 (25.46) | 80.25 (17.04) | 199.19 (37.00) | 180.03 (73.14) | 39.41 (6.56) | 125.00 (32.91) | 103.16 (21.47) | 17.59 (25.97) | 4.34 (5.62) | 0.32 (0.03) | ||
P* | 0.393 | 0.938 | 0.662 | 0.139 | 0.114 | 0.707 | 0.109 | 0.497 | 0.383 | 0.518 | ||
None-MetS | Total choline | T1 | 117.65 (11.60) | 76.56 (8.52) | 194.52 (40.03) | 122.43 (87.35) | 47.36 (8.52) | 124.74 (37.09) | 88.97 (9.42) | 15.08 (11.20) | 3.41 (2.90) | 0.33 (0.03) |
T2 | 116.39 (13.35) | 77.47 (10.27) | 186.90 (34.41) | 117.91 (60.02) | 47.24 (10.06) | 121.58 (28.77) | 88.96 (9.33) | 15.34 (11.29) | 3.32 (2.26) | 0.33 (0.03) | ||
T3 | 116.27 (16.29) | 77.18 (10.58) | 177.24 (31.45) | 108.15 (50.49) | 47.89 (8.74) | 112.94 (28.30) | 87.77 (12.41) | 13.64 (8.43) | 3.02(1.96) | 0.33 (0.03) | ||
P* | 0.001 | 0.072 | 0.222 | 0.001 | 0.084 | 0.149 | 0.202 | 0.051 | 0.056 | 0.614 | ||
Total betaine | T1 | 117.00 (12.53) | 78.02 (8.63) | 189.12 (41.43) | 132.75 (74.75) | 46.47 (10.57) | 122.69 (33.97) | 87.04 (8.84) | 15.52 (10.79) | 3.43 (2.75) | 0.33 (0.03) | |
T2 | 115.94 (12.36) | 77.00 (10.33) | 186.29 (34.08) | 100.21 (33.07) | 46.03 (8.58) | 122.26 (31.53) | 88.78 (10.02) | 16.07 (12.55) | 3.55 (2.61) | 0.33 (0.04) | ||
T3 | 114.95 (16.15) | 76.53 (10.48) | 182.47 (32.01) | 115.10 (75.12) | 46.51 (8.65) | 114.74 (28.99) | 88.09 (12.03) | 12.93 (7.55) | 2.86 (1.70) | 0.33 (0.03) | ||
P* | 0.001 | 0.038 | 0.129 | 0.005 | 0.102 | 0.144 | 0.115 | 0.071 | 0.084 | 0.538 | ||
Total choline and betaine | T1 | 117.41 (12.69) | 78.47 (8.70) | 193.06 (42.53) | 123.04 (63.09) | 48.86 (10.21) | 126.86 (35.55) | 88.00 (10.58) | 15.37 (10.98) | 3.40 (2.81) | 0.33 (0.03) | |
T2 | 114.48 (12.46) | 76.00 (9.90) | 186.93 (32.46) | 119.50 (79.71) | 47.13 (8.44) | 120.33 (29.86) | 88.48 (12.34) | 14.77 (11.82) | 3.24 (2.43) | 0.33 (0.03) | ||
T3 | 116.01 (16.16) | 77.16 (10.69) | 178.78 (31.72) | 106.67 (51.79) | 48.88 (8.92) | 112.96 (28.41) | 87.27 (12.34) | 14.05 (8.17) | 3.13 (1.88) | 0.33 (0.03) | ||
P* | < 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.148 | 0.002 | 0.092 | 0.130 | 0.420 | 0.046 | 0.057 | 0.673 | ||