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Table 3 Biochemical parameters of study participants across different tertiles of dietary choline, betaine and total choline and betaine intake

From: Dietary choline and betaine intake, cardio-metabolic risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese adults

Variables

Total choline

Total betaine

Total choline and betaine

 

T1

(n = 112)

T2

(n = 113)

T3

(n = 113)

P*

P**

T1

(n = 112)

T2

(n = 113)

T3

(n = 113)

P*

P**

T1

(n = 112)

T2

(n = 113)

T3

(n = 113)

P*

P**

SBP (mmHg)

123.29

(15.33)

122.95

(14.60)

121.84

(18.87)

0.785

< 0.001

125.63

(14.99)

122.61

(13.42)

119.86

(19.58)

0.029

< 0.001

125.35

(14.94)

121.46

(14.21)

121.29

(19.22)

0.109

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

82.70

(10.99)

81.42

(10.94)

80.75

(13.08)

0.451

0.286

83.69

(10.31)

81.11

(10.85)

80.09

(13.50)

0.049

0.199

83.57

(10.20)

81.13

(11.64)

80.18

(12.95)

0.051

0.248

TC (mg/dL)

196.12

(41.08)

193.06

(33.31)

186.22

(35.15)

0.118

0.351

195.64

(40.92)

191.20

(35.37)

188.51

(33.61)

0.341

0.907

195.79

(41.88)

193.18

(33.02)

186.41

(34.49)

0.142

0.184

TG (mg/dL)

155.64

(104.58)

151.60

(84.17)

146.54

(90.96)

0.766

0.065

157.53

(85.26)

151.83

(109.28)

144.41

(83.76)

0.573

0.061

156.93

(97.74)

154.35

(105.90)

142.50

(73.75)

0.467

0.059

HDL-C (mg/dL)

43.33

(9.70)

44.20

(9.71)

43.06

(9.18)

0.643

0.398

43.91

(10.29)

43.43

(8.89)

43.26

(9.40)

0.869

0.452

43.88

(10.29)

43.40

(9.15)

43.33

(9.15)

0.897

0.466

LDL-C (mg/dL)

127.55

(33.84)

124.07

(29.87)

119.25

(31.94)

0.149

0.157

127.90

(34.88)

123.30

(30.43)

119.64

(30.23)

0.152

0.162

128.54

(34.10)

124.81

(30.87)

117.51

(30.19)

0.031

0.055

Glucose (mg/dL)

90.44

(12.71)

92.26

(14.52)

95.50

(27.36)

0.141

0.104

91.78

(15.67)

94.63

(24.31)

91.85

(17.22)

0.456

0.066

90.73

(15.98)

94.04

(23.84)

93.48

(17.56)

0.396

0.065

Insulin (µIU/mL)

15.51

(10.06)

16.30

(10.84)

16.25

(17.87)

0.918

0.256

17.11

(11.37)

16.43

(11.52)

14.85

(16.20)

0.528

0.247

15.87

(10.15)

17.09

(12.39)

15.25

(16.41)

0.664

0.229

HOMA-IR

3.56

(2.52)

3.68

(2.32)

3.96

(4.38)

0.721

0.245

3.95

(3.00)

3.93

(3.01)

3.41

(3.55)

0.448

0.238

3.58

(2.49)

4.11

(3.35)

3.54

(3.62)

0.453

0.233

QUICKI

0.33

(0.04)

0.33

(0.03)

0.33

(0.04)

0.681

0.335

0.32

(0.03)

0.33

(0.04)

0.33

(0.03)

0.226

0.380

0.33

(0.040

0.33

(0.04)

0.33

(0.03)

0.514

0.302

  1. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index); P* values are obtained from ANCOVA model after adjustment for the confounding effects of age, sex, BMI and physical activity. P** values are obtained from ANCOVA model after adjustment for the confounding effects of age, sex, BMI, physical activity, history of CVD, smoking and total energy intake
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