Table 4 Baseline characteristics of the participants
Variables | All subjects (N = 737) | Pen users (n = 406) | Vial syringe users (n = 331) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | median (IQR) or n (%) | |||
Age (years) | 52 (45–60) | 52 (45–60) | 51 (45–60) | 0.161 |
Male: Female Ratio | 312:425 | 169:237 | 143:188 | 0.708 |
Residence: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Urban | 405 (55.0%) | 278 (68.5%) | 127 (38.4%) | < 0.001 |
  Sub-urban | 177 (24.0%) | 80 (19.7%) | 97 (29.3%) |  |
  Rural | 155 (21.0%) | 48 (11.8%) | 107 (32.3%) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (24.5–28.6) | 26.2 (24.6–28.4) | 26.5 (24.1–28.7) | 0.448 |
Duration of DM (years) | 10 (6–15) | 10 (6–15) | 10 (6–15) | 0.508 |
Duration of insulin use (years) | 3 (2–7) | 3 (2–8) | 4 (2–7) | 0.692 |
Total daily dose of insulin (Units) | 36 (28–50) | 36 (24–50) | 36 (30–52) | 0.676 |
Insulin regimen: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Basal only | 111 (15.1%) | 91 (22.4%) | 20 (6.0%) | < 0.001 |
  Basal-Plus | 8 (1.1%) | 5 (1.2%) | 3 (0.9%) |  |
  Premixed | 452 (61.3%) | 226 (55.7%) | 226 (68.3%) |  |
  Basal-Bolus | 123 (16.7%) | 65 (16.0%) | 58 (17.5%) |  |
  Bolus only | 43 (5.8%) | 19 (4.7%) | 24 (7.3%) |  |
Own glucometer | 555 (75.3%) | 349 (86.0%) | 206 (62.0%) | < 0.001 |
SMBG frequency: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Once/day | 34 (4.6%) | 25 (6.2%) | 9 (2.7%) | < 0.001 |
  Twice /day | 22 (3.0%) | 12 (3.0%) | 10 (3.0%) |  |
  Thrice or more/day | 87 (11.8%) | 74 (18.2%) | 13 (3.9%) |  |
  Not daily but at least once/week | 243 (33.0%) | 142 (35.0% | 101 (30.5%) |  |
  Less than weekly | 164 (22.3%) | 94 (23.2%) | 70 (21.1%) |  |
  Never do SMBG | 187 (25.4%) | 59 (14.5%) | 128 (38.7%) |  |
Comorbidity present | 610 (82.8%) | 336 (82.8%) | 274 (82.8%) | 1.000 |
Diabetic complication present | 488 (66.2%) | 271 (66.7%) | 217 (65.6%) | 0.754 |
Lipodystrophy | 112 (15.2%) | 61 (15.0%) | 51 (15.4%) | 0.918 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.8 (7.9–10) | 8.7 (7.8–10) | 8.9 (7.9–10) | 0.607 |