Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants in different categories of outcomes
From: Are HOMA-IR and HOMA-B good predictors for diabetes and pre-diabetes subtypes?
Total | Normal glucose | iIFG | iIGT | CGI | DM | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 2399 (100%) | 1443 (60.2%) | 318 (13.2%) | 451 (18.8%) | 122 (5.1%) | 65 (2.7%) | ||
Age (years) | 42.6 (11.36) | 40.96 (10.62) | 48.5 (11.70) | 44.9 (10.38) | 48 (11.22) | 43.65 (12.25) | < 0.001 | |
Female (%) | 1477 (61.7%) | 948 (65.6%) | 193 (60.7%) | 229 (50.1%) | 63 (52.1%) | 44 (67.7%) | < 0.001 | |
Education (%) (a) | 0 | 379 (15.9%) | 188 (13%) | 83 (26.1%) | 80 (17.7%) | 20 (16.5%) | 10 (15.4%) | < 0.001 |
1 | 1379 (57.5%) | 831 (57.5%) | 176 (55.3%) | 259 (57.4%) | 71 (58.7%) | 41 (63.1%) | – | |
2 | 641 (26.5%) | 426 (29.5%) | 59 (18.6%) | 112 (24.8%) | 30 (24.8%) | 14 (21.5%) | – | |
Smoking (%) (b) | 0 | 1796 (74.9%) | 1114 (77.1%) | 231 (72.6%) | 304 (67.4%) | 99 (81.8%) | 48 (73.8%) | < 0.001 |
1 | 163 (6.8%) | 71 (4.9%) | 33 (10.4%) | 43 (9.5%) | 10 (8.3%) | 6 (9.2%) | – | |
2 | 440 (18.3%) | 258 (17.9%) | 54 (17%) | 104 (23.1%) | 12 (9.9%) | 11 (16.9%) | – | |
Familial history of type 2 DM (%) | 240 (10%) | 133 (9.2%) | 39 (12.3%) | 49 (10.9%) | 8 (6.6%) | 11 (16.9%) | 0.08 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.5 (4.56) | 27 (4.3) | 28.64 (4.33) | 28.1 (4.7) | 29.6 (4.38) | 30.55 (5.37) | < 0.001 | |
Waist circumstance (cm) | 93 (11) | 90.8 (10.8) | 95.5 (11) | 97 (10) | 98 (10.1) | 98 (13.2) | < 0.001 | |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 112.83 (15.82) | 110.51 (14.133) | 118.8 (16.79) | 114 (15.7) | 121.8 (17.8) | 120.7 (21) | < 0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.67 (10.94) | 74.65 (10.51) | 78 (10.79) | 76.5 (11.38) | 80.4 (10.4) | 79.9 (12.4) | < 0.001 | |
FBS (mmol/dl) | 5.00 (0.31) | 4.95 (0.30) | 5.03 (0.29) | 5.18 (0.26) | 5.14 (0.30) | 5.04 (0.33) | < 0.001 | |
2hpp BS (mmol/dl) | 5.32 (1.09) | 5.12 (1.04) | 5.93 (1.06) | 5.44 (1.09) | 5.96 (1.00) | 5.86 (1.20) | < 0.001 | |
HDL-C (mmol/dl) | 1.25 (0.30) | 1.28 (0.31) | 1.24 (0.30) | 1.19 (0.27) | 1.17 (0.26) | 11.19 (0.22) | < 0.001 | |
Triglyceride (mmol/dl) | 1.27 (0.90–1.81) | 1.17 (0.86–1.65) | 1.43 (1.03–1.99) | 1.47 (1.05–1.99) | 1.62 (1.20–2.35) | 1.53 (1.15–2.12) | < 0.001 | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/dl) | 4.86 (0.87) | 4.78 (0.92) | 5.05 (0.95) | 5.12 (0.85) | 5.14 (0.86) | 5.03 (0.86) | < 0.001 | |
Fasting serum insulin (micro U/ml) | 7.64 (5.10–50.69) | 7.32 (5.32–9.93) | 8.06 (5.8–11.36) | 8.09 (5.6–11.6) | 8.36 (6.58–12.67) | 10.19 (6.7–13.9) | < 0.001 | |
HOMA-IR | 1.69 (1.20–2.40) | 1.61 (1.15–2.21) | 1.78 (1.27–2.55) | 1.89 (1.28–2.72) | 1.94 (1.48–2.83) | 2.43 (1.44–3.08) | < 0.001 | |
HOMA-B | 103.7 (64–151) | 102.6 (74–141) | 108.4 (75–149) | 98.4 (78–140) | 107.2 (77–164) | 127.6 (88–204) | < 0.001 |