Variables | HBI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (< 63) N = 75 | Q2 (63–65) N = 44 | Q3 (65–68) N = 45 | Q4(> 68) N = 43 | P-value†| P-value* | |
Dietary intake | ||||||
Energy (kcal/d) | 2525.68 ± 670.80 | 2876.70 ± 765.43 | 2353.98 ± 772.66 | 2713.56 ± 811.41 | 0.008 | – |
Protein (g/d) | 86.08 ± 25.73 | 96.63 ± 29.26 | 84.90 ± 29.61 | 91.75 ± 29.93 | 0.16 | 0.49 |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | 355.75 ± 116.08 | 408.13 ± 119.20 | 327.14 ± 123.75 | 403.24 ± 124.93 | 0.004 | 0.08 |
Total fat (g/d) | 92.16 ± 31.28 | 104.87 ± 36.02 | 86.00 ± 28.37 | 91.22 ± 33.59 | 0.05 | 0.16 |
Cholesterol (mg/d) | 238.35 ± 97.77 | 273.23 ± 128.41 | 256.20 ± 92.57 | 270.26 ± 97.71 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
SFA (mg/d) | 26.65 ± 9.82 | 31.58 ± 13.67 | 27.21 ± 10.69 | 26.99 ± 11.22 | 0.12 | 0.08 |
MUFA (g/d) | 31.83 ± 12.15 | 33.60 ± 11.59 | 27.87 ± 9.97 | 29.45 ± 10.84 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
PUFA (g/d) | 20.50 ± 9.65 | 21.65 ± 8.71 | 17.74 ± 7.16 | 18.34 ± 8.73 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Linolenic acid (g/d) | 1.04 ± .59 | 1.59 ± .60 | 1.31 ± .68 | 1.08 ± .52 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Linoleic acid (g/d) | 18.05 ± 9.33 | 18.47 ± 8.24 | 14.89 ± 6.52 | 15.65 ± 8.18 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
Sodium (mg/d) | 4195.75 ± 1335.16 | 4672.32 ± 1460.87 | 3781.65 ± 1311.84 | 4231.22 ± 1382.43 | 0.03 | 0.57 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 4110.79 ± 1566.16 | 4622.94 ± 1476.27 | 4130.37 ± 1459.413 | 4895.02 ± 1666.32 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Vitamin D (μg/d) | 2.04 ± 1.62 | 1.84 ± 1.51 | 1.81 ± 1.08 | 2.25 ± 1.76 | 0.53 | 0.54 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 19.35 ± 11.07 | 16.13 ± 6.21 | 13.84 ± 5.86 | 16.16 ± 9.60 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
Thiamin (μg/d) | 2.04 ± 63 | 2.27 ± .61 | 1.81 ± .61 | 2.11 ± .72 | 0.01 | 0.57 |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 2.15 ± .87 | 2.37 ± .78 | 2.06 ± .62 | 2.39 ± 1.02 | 0.16 | 0.80 |
Niacin (mg/d) | 24.01 ± 7.33 | 27.74 ± 8.97 | 23.14 ± 9.60 | 26.89 ± 10.93 | 0.04 | 0.74 |
Vitamin B6 (μg/d) | 2.03 ± .64 | 2.31 ± .76 | 2.08 ± .72 | 2.39 ± .75 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
folate (μg/d) | 588.44 ± 177.88 | 661.77 ± 162.17 | 535.26 ± 158.59 | 652.83 ± 184.06 | 0.002 | 0.13 |
Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 4.16 ± 1.91 | 4.89 ± 2.72 | 4.21 ± 1.94 | 5.03 ± 3.72 | 0.20 | 0.67 |
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 185.35 ± 108.12 | 263.82 ± 251.16 | 213.37 ± 135.23 | 274.43 ± 360.64 | 0.11 | 0.33 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1609.31 ± 497.78 | 1776.36 ± 533.26 | 1546.51 ± 509.85 | 1695.16 ± 574.44 | 0.18 | 0.83 |
Vitamin C (μmol/L) | 179.01 ± 159.25 | 197.64 ± 103.51 | 181.16 ± 106.79 | 179.01 ± 159.25 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1138.60 ± 416.045 | 1251.28 ± 438.75 | 1110.86 ± 369.98 | 1198.90 ± 475.11 | 0.40 | 0.87 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 448.85 ± 145.78 | 507.42 ± 145.84 | 425.03 ± 138.47 | 497.24 ± 168.06 | 0.02 | 0.76 |
Zinc (mg/d) | 12.80 ± 4.29 | 14.19 ± 4.19 | 12.03 ± 3.94 | 13.69 ± 4.83 | 0.09 | 0.95 |
Total fiber (g/d) | 42.75 ± 19.13 | 51.77 ± 15.83 | 38.68 ± 15.15 | 47.39 ± 20.12 | 0.005 | 0.01 |
Food groups | ||||||
Grains (g/d) | 458.89 ± 239.94 | 486.59 ± 200.30 | 360.28 ± 172.86 | 477.09 ± 302.97 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Fruits (g/d) | 477.82 ± 372.87 | 541.93 ± 312.01 | 475.80 ± 325.50 | 671.42 ± 392.53 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
Vegetables (g/d) | 418.82260.28 | 472.20 ± 216.73 | 431.50 ± 273.45 | 541.80 ± 342.54 | 0.12 | 0.24 |
Nuts (g/d) | 13.02 ± 16.76 | 19.47 ± 19.20 | 16.14 ± 13.71 | 16.01 ± 20.87 | 0.30 | 0.44 |
Legumes (g/d) | 53.80 ± 44.74 | 60.71 ± 40.04 | 49.08 ± 41.89 | 56.35 ± 43.37 | 0.64 | 0.92 |
Dairy (ml/d) | 391.09 ± 244.07 | 379.21 ± 223.02 | 377.00 ± 194.55 | 439.59 ± 353.89 | 0.65 | 0.41 |
Meat (g/d) | 56.54 ± 38.99 | 73.73 ± 60.40 | 70.08 ± 59.34 | 70.94 ± 41.72 | 0.21 | 0.22 |
Processed food (g/d) | 23.19 ± 26.73 | 19.73 ± 15.61 | 26.33 ± 30.93 | 19.62 ± 19.78 | 0.53 | 0.16 |