Table 4 Demographic and clinical characteristics in HEs and Non-HEs groups
From: Retinal microvascular changes in diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy
Variable | HEs N = 32 | Non-HEs N = 106 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex, N (%) | 0.018* | ||
Male | 14/32 (43.7) | 71/106 (67.0) | |
Female | 18/32 (56.3) | 35/106 (33.0) | |
Age, years, mean ± SD | 59.91 ± 11.11 | 60.45 ± 13.14 | 0.831 |
Visual acuity, LogMAR, mean ± SD | 0.91 ± 0.75 | 0.63 ± 0.69 | 0.058 |
IOP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 14.29 ± 3.41 | 15.04 ± 3.72 | 0.338 |
BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 25.81 ± 3.55 | 26.60 ± 4.10 | 0.330 |
Abdominal circumference, cm, mean ± SD | 93.26 ± 10.48 | 96.82 ± 12.91 | 0.273 |
Systolic pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 147.44 ± 27.31 | 140.26 ± 28.06 | 0.204 |
Diastolic pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 77.31 ± 10.08 | 80.29 ± 11.73 | 0.171 |
Stage of hypertension, N (%) | 0.598 | ||
Normal blood pressure | 6/32 (18.8) | 21/105 (20.0) | |
Stage 1 | 6/32 (18.8) | 30/105 (28.6) | |
Stage 2 | 7/32 (21.9) | 15/105 (14.3) | |
Stage 3 | 13/32 (40.6) | 39/105 (37.1) | |
Serum lipid profiles | |||
Total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 5.01 ± 1.52 | 4.25 ± 1.47 | 0.014* |
Triglycerides, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 3.34 ± 4.20 | 2.37 ± 3.32 | 0.181 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 1.04 ± 0.24 | 1.06 ± 0.50 | 0.848 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 3.06 ± 0.85 | 2.55 ± 0.94 | 0.008* |
History of hyperlipidemia, N (%) | 0.007* | ||
No | 16/32 (50.0) | 26/105 (24.8) | |
Yes | 16/32 (50.0) | 79/105 (75.2) | |
History of hyperuricemia, N (%) | 0.623 | ||
No | 26/32 (81.3) | 81/105 (77.1) | |
Yes | 6/32 (18.8) | 24/105 (22.9) | |
History of hyperhomocystinemia, N (%) | 0.359 | ||
No | 30/32 (93.8) | 90/105 (85.7) | |
Yes | 2/32 (6.3) | 15/105 (14.3) | |
Serum uric acid, μmol/L, mean ± SD | 385.45 ± 113.09 | 358.75 ± 103.30 | 0.220 |
Serum HCY, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 14.55 ± 4.38 | 16.00 ± 7.71 | 0.338 |
Duration of DM, years, mean ± SD | 13.89 ± 7.02 | 15.19 ± 8.92 | 0.450 |
HbA1c, %, mean ± SD | 9.07 ± 2.14 | 8.86 ± 2.03 | 0.322 |
ACR, mg/g, median (interquartile range) | 688.28 (222.59, 3455.69) | 194.83 (47.12, 758.14) | 0.001* |
Stage of urine microalbumin, N (%) | 0.056 | ||
Stage 1&2 | 9/25 (36.0) | 54/94 (57.4) | |
Stage 3 | 16/25 (64.0) | 40/94 (42.6) | |
Serum creatinine, μmol/L, median (interquartile range) | 92.70 (68.50, 104.40) | 81.40 (63.45, 113.65) | 0.490 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2, mean ± SD | 66.55 ± 29.94 | 77.70 ± 29.03 | 0.064 |
Stage of kidney function, N (%) | 0.157 | ||
Stage 1 | 8/31 (25.8) | 42/105 (40.0) | |
Stage 2 | 11/31 (35.5) | 30/105 (28.6) | |
Stage 3 | 7/31 (22.6) | 28/105 (26.7) | |
Stage 4 | 2/31 (6.5) | 3/105 (2.9) | |
Stage 5 | 3/31 (9.7) | 2/105 (1.9) | |
History of peripheral atherosclerosis, N (%) | 0.962 | ||
No | 16/32 (50.0) | 52/105 (49.5) | |
Yes | 16/32 (50.0) | 53/105 (50.5) | |
History of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, N (%) | 0.683 | ||
No | 15/31 (48.4) | 46/104 (44.2) | |
Yes | 16/31 (51.6) | 58/104 (55.8) | |