Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics in DR and Non-DR groups
From: Retinal microvascular changes in diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy
Variable | DR N = 86 | Non-DR N = 54 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex, N (%) | 0.038* | ||
Male | 47/86 (54.7) | 39/54 (72.2) | |
Female | 39/86 (45.3) | 15/54 (27.8) | |
Age, years, mean ± SD | 58.78 ± 12.15 | 62.65 ± 13.14 | 0.078 |
BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 26.16 ± 3.78 | 26.74 ± 4.36 | 0.412 |
Abdominal circumference, cm, mean ± SD | 94.653 ± 12.25 | 98.29 ± 12.59 | 0.169 |
Systolic pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 144.40 ± 28.36 | 137.39 ± 26.75 | 0.149 |
Diastolic pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 80.71 ± 11.43 | 77.27 ± 11.23 | 0.126 |
Stage of hypertension, N (%) | 0.624 | ||
Normal blood pressure | 15/85 (17.6) | 12/54 (22.2) | |
Stage 1 | 21/85 (24.7) | 17/54 (31.5) | |
Stage 2 | 15/85 (17.6) | 7/54 (13.0) | |
Stage 3 | 34/85 (40.0) | 18/54 (33.3) | |
Serum lipid profiles | |||
Total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 4.60 ± 1.60 | 4.13 ± 1.29 | 0.063 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 2.51 ± 2.88 | 2.76 ± 4.39 | 0.681 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 1.08 ± 0.51 | 1.02 ± 0.36 | 0.523 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 2.84 ± 1.02 | 2.40 ± 0.72 | 0.004* |
History of hyperlipidemia, N (%) | 0.044* | ||
No | 31/85 (36.5) | 11/54 (20.4) | |
Yes | 54/85 (63.5) | 43/54 (79.6) | |
History of hyperuricemia, N (%) | 0.569 | ||
No | 68/85 (80.0) | 41/54 (75.9) | |
Yes | 17/85 (20.0) | 13/54 (24.1) | |
History of hyperhomocystinemia, N (%) | 0.843 | ||
No | 75/85 (88.2) | 47/54 (87.0) | |
Yes | 10/85 (11.8) | 7/54 (13.0) | |
Serum uric acid, μmol/L, mean ± SD | 361.15 ± 115.61 | 367.81 ± 90.01 | 0.725 |
Serum HCY, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 15.89 ± 7.38 | 15.16 ± 6.50 | 0.581 |
Duration of DM, years, mean ± SD | 14.80 ± 7.73 | 15.21 ± 9.58 | 0.781 |
HbA1c, %, mean ± SD | 9.07 ± 2.27 | 8.30 ± 1.62 | 0.037* |
ACR, mg/g, median (interquartile range) | 630.82 (186.02, 1806.13) | 64.13 (31.56, 327.96) | < 0.001* |
Stage of urine microalbumin, N (%) | < 0.001* | ||
Stage 1 | 1/70 (1.4) | 11/50 (22.0) | |
Stage 2 | 26/70 (37.1) | 25/50 (50.0) | |
Stage 3 | 43/70 (61.4) | 14/50 (28.0) | |
Serum creatinine, μmol/L, median (interquartile range) | 91.30 (66.38, 125.35) | 78.25 (62.93, 106.70) | 0.091 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2, median (interquartile range) | 74.47 (44.48, 97.84) | 89.60 (58.76, 102.45) | 0.013* |
Stage of kidney function, N (%) | / | ||
Stage 1 | 26/84 (31.0) | 25/54 (46.3) | |
Stage 2 | 27/84 (32.1) | 14/54 (26.0) | |
Stage 3 | 20/84 (23.8) | 15/54 (27.8) | |
Stage 4 | 5/84 (6.0) | 0/54 (0.0) | |
Stage 5 | 6/84 (7.1) | 0/54 (0.0) | |
History of peripheral atherosclerosis, N (%) | 0.185 | ||
No | 46/86 (53.5) | 23/54 (42.6) | |
Yes | 40/86 (46.5) | 31/54 (57.4) | |
History of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, N (%) | 0.682 | ||
No | 37/83 (44.6) | 26/54 (48.1) | |
Yes | 46/83 (55.4) | 28/54 (51.9) | |