Dietary energy density, metabolic parameters, and blood pressure in a sample of adults with obesity

Pour-Abbasi, Mohammad-Sadegh; Nikrad, Negin; Farhangi, Mahdieh Abbasalizad; Vahdat, Sahar; Jafarzadeh, Faria

doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01243-9

BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 4 Biochemical variables of study participants by tertiels of DED

From: Dietary energy density, metabolic parameters, and blood pressure in a sample of adults with obesity

Variable		Tertiles of dietary energy density
		DED I					DED II
		1^st ^{0.32–0.83 kcal/g} ^(N=112)	2^nd ^{0.83–1.02 kcal/g} ^(N=111)		3^rd ^{1.02–1.93 kcal/g} ^(N=112)		1^st ^{0.29–1.006 kcal/g} ^(N=109)	2^nd ^{1.006–1.523 kcal/g} ^(N=108)		3^rd ^{1.52–5.36 kcal/g} ^(N=109)
		1^st ^{0.32–0.83 kcal/g} ^(N=112)	OR(CI)	P-value	OR(CI)	P-value	1^st ^{0.29–1.006 kcal/g} ^(N=109)	OR(CI)	P-value	OR(CI)	P-value
SBP (mmHg)	Model I	1 REF	1.033 (1.00–1.06)	0.049	1.009 (0.97–1.04)	0.574	1 REF	0.989 (0.95–1.02)	0.484	1.005 (0.97–1.03)	0.733
	Model II		1.045 (1.00–1.09)	0.038	1.008 (0.96–1.04)	0.690		1.008 (0.96–1.04)	0.679	1.020 (0.98–1.06)	0.302
	Model III		1.069 (1.02–1.12)	0.005	1.021 (0.97–1.06)	0.352		0.996 (0.95–1.04)	0.872	0.977 (0.92–1.02)	0.354
DBP (mmHg)	Model I	1 REF	0.955 (0.91–0.99)	0.045	0.960 (0.92–1.00)	0.058	1 REF	1.001 (0.95–1.04)	0.966	1.001 (0.96–1.04)	0.958
	Model II		0.967 (0.91–1.02)	0.255	0.965 (0.91–1.01)	0.171		0.999 (0.94–1.05)	0.961	0.984 (0.934–1.03)	0.545
	Model III		0.921 (0.87–0.97)	0.004	0.954 (0.90–1.00)	0.084		1.010 (0.95–1.06)	0.713	1.030 (0.96–1.09)	0.343
FBS (mg/dl)	Model I	1 REF	0.995 (0.95–1.03)	0.787	1.007 (0.97–1.03)	0.667	1 REF	1.005 (0.97–1.04)	0.797	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	0.435
	Model II		0.985 (0.93–1.03)	0.564	1.017 (0.98–1.05)	0.786		1.01 (0.96–1.06)	0.576	1.003 (0.96–1.04)	0.891
	Model III		0.991 (0.94–1.04)	0.709	1.005 (0.96–1.05)	0.815		0.985 (0.92–1.04)	0.608	0.998 (0.93–1.06)	0.960
TC (mg/dl)	Model I	1 REF	0.982 (0.94–1.01)	0.327	0.993 (0.95–1.03)	0.705	1 REF	0.949 (0.90–0.99)	0.036	0.971 (0.92–1.01)	0.200
	Model II		0.959 (0.89–1.02)	0.203	0.999 (0.952–1.04)	0.983		0.920 (0.85–0.98)	0.024	0.973 (0.92–1.02)	0.290
	Model III		1.005 (0.99–1.01)	0.474	1.005 (0.99–1.01)	0.416		1.009 (0.99–1.02)	0.223	1.004 (0.98–1.02)	0.620
TG (mg/dl)	Model I	1 REF	1.004 (0.99–1.01)	0.231	1.000 (0.99_1.00)	0.956	1 REF	1.01 (1.00–1.01)	0.034	1.005 (0.99–1.01)	0.280
	Model II		1.009 (0.99–1.02)	0.131	0.998 (0.98–1.00)	0.760		1.010 (1.00–1.03)	0.023	1.004 (0.99–1.01)	0.495
	Model III		0.999 (0.99–1.00)	0.859	0.998 (0.99–1.00)	0.580		1.003 (0.99–1.01)	0.534	1.005 (0.99–1.01)	0.325
HDL (mg/dl)	Model I	1 REF	1.026 (0.97–1.07)	0.313	1.003 (0.95–1.05)	0.901	1 REF	1.03 (0.97–1.09)	0.252	1.016 (0.96–1.07)	0.572
	Model II		1.071 (0.99–1.15)	0.083	0.998 (0.93–1.06)	0.954		1.096 (1.00–1.19)	0.033	1.031 (0.96–1.10)	0.377
	Model III		1.019 (0.96–1.07)	0.495	0.995 (0.94–1.04)	0.830		0.996 (0.94–1.05)	0.887	1.012 (0.95–1.07)	0.711
LDL (mg/dl)	Model I	1 REF	0.952 (0.74–1.22)	0.703	0.911 (0.71–1.15)	0.443	1 REF	0.989 (0.77–1.26)	0.929	0.880 (0.68–1.13)	0.323
	Model II		0.952 (0.74–1.22)	0.703	0.911 (0.71–1.15)	0.443		0.997 (0.77–1.28)	0.983	0.885 (0.68–1.14)	0.352
	Model III		0.692 (0.38–1.23)	0.212	1.08 (0.62–1.84)	0.775		0.556 (0.27–1.14)	0.110	0.629 (0.29–1.33)	0.228
Insulin (mIU/l)	Model I	1 REF	1.031 (0.82–1.28)	0.786	1.092 (0.94–1.26)	0.244	1 REF	1.04 (0.89–1.22)	0.581	1.058 (0.89–1.04)	0.507
	Model II		0.920 (0.70–1.19)	0.535	1.160 (0.96–1.39)	0.120		1.15 (0.93–1.41)	0.181	1.086 (0.89–1.32)	0.407
	Model III		0.974 (0.72–1.30)	0.856	1.057 (0.83–1.34)	0.649		0.943 (0.66–1.34)	0.747	1.021 (0.69–1.49)	0.913
HOMA-IR	Model I	1 REF	0.688 (0.29–1.60)	0.388	0.707 (0.38–1.30)	0.269	1 REF	0.809 (0.40–1.60)	0.543	0.784 (0.38–1.60)	0.505
	Model II		0.897 (0.34–2.32)	0.823	0.546 (0.24–1.21)	0.139		0.503 (0.20–1.26)	0.145	0.664 (0.28–1.53)	0.338
	Model III		0.713 (0.25–1.98)	0.518	0.766 (0.34–1.72)	0.520		0.954 (0.26–1.4)	0.943	0.764 (0.18–2.08)	0.706
QUICKI	Model I	1 REF	1.87 (1.82–1.92)	0.057	0.005 (0.00–5.7)	0.438	1 REF	1.91 (1.61–2.20)	0.187	1.890 (1.45–2.60)	0.822
	Model II		1.64 (1.41–1.83)	0.016	0.008 (0.00–0.02)	0.353		1.532 (1.11–1.67)	0.018	0.002 (0.00–0.004)	0.493
	Model III		1.46 (1.33–1.63)	0.062	0.004 (0.00–0.00)	0.524		1.771 (1.23–2.05)	0.030	1.02 (0.90–1.01)	0.139

The multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used for estimation of ORs and confidence interval (CI).Model I: crude, Model II: adjusted for age and sex, Model III: adjusted for age, BMI, sex, physical activity, SES and energy intake
DED I Energy density from foods and beverages, DED II Energy density from just foods, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, HDL-C High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, DED Dietary energy density. Bold values represent statistically significant threshold

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