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Table 1 General demographic characteristics of study participants by tertiles of DED

From: Dietary energy density, metabolic parameters, and blood pressure in a sample of adults with obesity

Variable

All participants

(N=335)

Tertiles of dietary energy density

1st

0.32–0.83 kcal/g

(N=112)

2nd

0.83–1.02 kcal/g

(N=111)

3rd

1.02–1.93 kcal/g

(N=112)

P value*

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Age (y)

40.78

9.23

42.40

9.06

39.81

8.59

39.14

9.19

0.017

Education (≤ 12 y)

26

23.5

27

23.8

25

22.2

26

23.3

0.490

Marital status (% Single)

15

12.62

11

9.8

14

12.6

20

17.9

0.037**

Gender (% Male)

63.9

59.39

63

56.3

71

64

58

51.8

0.500**

BMI (kg/m2)

32.67

4.80

32.45

4.44

32.37

5.07

33.09

4.93

0.480

WC (cm)

106.78

9.62

106.62

9.63

106.98

9.22

106.34

10.04

0.880

FM (%)

33.81

9.13

32.06

8.41

33.97

10.11

34.90

8.78

0.190

FFM (%)

62.25

12.35

63.61

12.48

63.76

12.72

60.15

11.88

0.160

WHR

0.93

0.07

0.93

0.07

0.94

0.07

0.92

0.07

0.204

SES

9.96

2.51

10.35

2.48

9.90

2.53

9.75

2.45

0.370

Appetite

33.58

8.93

34.44

8.69

33.85

9.32

32.70

8.94

0.521

BMR (Kcal)

1904.99

396.79

1922.56

349.86

1938.13

358.83

1869.14

458.05

0.583

MetS status (%)

40.4

39.2

56.30

35.2

60.00

39.3

65.80

37.66

0.147***

SBP (mmHg)

122.99

16.35

122.68

14.88

125.87

14.80

118.98

10.63

0.004***

DBP (mmHg)

81.18

11.69

82.84

17.59

82.84

10.63

78.58

12.36

0.004***

FBS (mg/dl)

92.66

19.18

93.86

26.24

91.85

14.15

92.34

15.65

0.724***

TC (mg/dl)

191.45

36.64

190.49

37.24

193.88

40.89

190.67

32.26

0.745***

TG (mg/dl)

152,055

94.13

140.17

67.87

176.46

125.65

135.89

71.37

0.002***

HDL (mg/dl)

43.32

9.52

44.85

9.12

43.22

10.20

43.65

9.36

0.882***

LDL (mg/dl)

123.68

31.83

123.48

33.34

124.81

33.90

122.14

29.08

0.820***

Insulin (mIU/l)

16.17

13.66

14.73

10.32

14.85

9.19

18.06

18.07

0.181***

HOMA-IR

3.76

3.26

3.59

3.15

3.38

2.32

4.13

3.88

0.313***

QUICKI

0.32

0.03

0.33

0.04

0.32

0.02

0.32

0.00

0.270***

  1. all data are mean (± SD) except marital status and gender, that is presented as the number and percent of single and males respectively in each group
  2. BMI Body mass index, WC Waist Circumference, FM Fat Mass, FFM Fat Free Mass, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, BMR Basal Metabolic Rate, PA Physical Activity, SES Socio-economic status, TBW total body water, TEFQ Three eating factor questionnaire, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, HDL-C High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, QUICKI Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index; DED Dietary energy density
  3. * P values derived from One-Way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparison
  4. ** P values derived from chi-squared test
  5. *** P values derived from One-Way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparisons after adjustment for confounders (age, gender, BMI, PA and kcal); Bold values representstatistically significant threshold
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BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

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