Table 1 The baseline characteristics of participants

Participants

438

533

485

508

Age (year)

63.5 ± 12.2

64.5 ± 11.0

64.5 ± 11.6

63.9 ± 10.6

0.487

BMI (kg/m²)

24.7 ± 3.2

25.9 ± 3.7

26.0 ± 3.7

26.5 ± 3.3

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

133.8 ± 19.3

133.2 ± 17.3

135.4 ± 18.8

137.0 ± 19.5

0.005

DBP (mmHg)

76.6 ± 10.8

76.6 ± 10.7

78.1 ± 11.0

79.7 ± 12.3

< 0.001

PP (mmHg)

57.2 ± 15.9

56.7 ± 15.0

57.4 ± 15.2

57.3 ± 15.1

0.861

HbA1c(%)

7.4 ± 1.5

7.5 ± 1.6

7.6 ± 1.6

8.0 ± 1.7

< 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

139.4 ± 49.4

144.0 ± 51.9

146.7 ± 44.6

161.1 ± 54.3

< 0.001

TC (mg/dL)

162.9 ± 28.1

174.8 ± 28.2

186.2 ± 28.6

211.2 ± 37.7

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

86.4 ± 30.0

113.9 ± 36.7

145.1 ± 48.3

233.5 ± 112.5

< 0.001

LDL-c (mg/dL)

93.9 ± 24.7

100.7 ± 24.6

105.0 ± 24.1

116.2 ± 31.1

< 0.001

HDL-c (mg/dL)

54.8 ± 14.0

50.3 ± 12.8

48.7 ± 12.3

45.2 ± 11.5

< 0.001

non-HDL (mg/dL)

108.0 ± 25.2

124.6 ± 24.8

137.6 ± 24.5

166.0 ± 33.2

< 0.001

RC (mg/dL)

14.2 ± 3.9

23.9 ± 2.5

32.6 ± 2.5

49.8 ± 12.0

< 0.001

Scr (mg/dL)

1.0 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.4

1.1 ± 0.4

0.074

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

71.1 ± 18.6

68.7 ± 18.9

68.2 ± 20.3

67.0 ± 20.6

0.016

Gender

0.169

 Female

234 (53.4%)

302 (56.7%)

277 (57.1%)

308 (60.6%)

 Male

204 (46.6%)

231 (43.3%)

208 (42.9%)

200 (39.4%)

Microalbuminuria (%)

115 (26.3%)

165 (31.0%)

161 (33.2%)

242 (47.6%)

< 0.001

Coronary artery disease (%)

73 (16.7%)

84 (15.8%)

76 (15.7%)

95 (18.7%)

0.538

Cerebrovascular disease (%)

13 (3.0%)

30 (5.6%)

18 (3.7%)

35 (6.9%)

0.019

β-blocker use (%)

74 (16.9%)

123 (23.1%)

124 (25.6%)

137 (27.0%)

0.002

ACEI and/or ARB use (%)

299 (68.3%)

394 (73.9%)

364 (75.1%)

389 (76.6%)

0.026

Diuretic use (%)

173 (39.5%)

246 (46.2%)

234 (48.2%)

251 (49.4%)

0.013

Calcium channel blocker use (%)

136 (31.1%)

192 (36.0%)

211 (43.5%)

230 (45.3%)

< 0.001