Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

Age (year)

50.25 ± 13.49

50.31 ± 13.43

0.985

Sex (male/female)

16/12

21/14

0.819

BMI (kg/m²)

24.63 ± 2.88

25.67 ± 3.10

0.178

TC (mmol/L)

4.84 ± 0.99

4.80 ± 0.92

0.880

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.92 ± 1.01

3.04 ± 0.94

0.660

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.32 ± 0.37

1.15 ± 0.26

0.042*

TG (mmol/L)

1.44 (0.89, 2.14)

1.80 (1.24, 2.27)

0.148

FBG (mmol/L)

5.00 ± 0.61

8.67 ± 1.47

<  0.001*

FINS (μIU/mL)

8.00 (5.10, 13.25)

10.20 (6.70, 13.10)

0.316

HbA1c (%)

5.64 ± 0.47

8.04 ± 0.74

<  0.001*

HOMA-IR

1.76 (1.10, 2.99)

4.19 (2.21, 5.56)

<  0.001*

HOMA-β

120.55 (77.38, 165.15)

41.23 (22.83, 58.26)

<  0.001*

Adropin (ng/mL)

5.90 ± 1.22

3.12 ± 0.73

<  0.001*