Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients as stratified by their GNRI scores

Age (years)

66.00(63.00,70.00)

66.00(63.00,69.00)

68.00(64.00,76.00)

Diabetes course (years)

10.00(5.00,17.00)

10.00(5.00,16.00)

15.00(6.00,20.00)

BMI (kg/m²)

26.07 ± 3.55

26.33 ± 3.43

24.99 ± 3.83

ALB (g/L)

41.10 ± 3.59

42.36 ± 2.57

35.93 ± 2.36

HbA1c (mmol/L)

8.12(6.95,9.50)

8.10(6.90,9.50)

9.20(7.40,10.80)

FPG (mmol/L)

7.01(5.77,9.39)

6.97(5.64,8.88)

7.45(5.93,10.03)

TC (mmol/L)

4.23(3.27,5.24)

4.25(3.25,5.33)

4.14(3.45,4.93)

TG (mmol/L)

1.23 (0.98,1.69)

1.24 (1.00,1.75)

1.12 (0.80,1.52)

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.18(0.95,1.45)

1.19(0.96,1.48)

1.13(0.90,1.40)

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.72(1.82,3.44)

2.76(1.78,3.51)

2.57(1.94,3.25)

Cr (umol/L)

73.30(61.48,98.25)

73.50(62.10,100.60)

71.00(60.00,94.10)

Uric (mmol/L)

277.45(203.90,340.68)

280.10(204.40,343.80)

255.00(197.80,330.20)

Ca (mmol/L)

2.30 (2.22,2.37)

2.33 (2.23,2.37)

2.26(2.18,2.34)

25(OH)D (ng/mL)

17.46(13.59,22.66)

18.18(14.24,23.37)

14.94(11.73,19.87)

ALP (IU/L)

72.25(51.18,89.85)

71.60(49.50,88.70)

73.80(55.80,93.50)

BGP (ng/mL)

12.75(9.87,16.48)

12.68(9.82,16.32)

13.16(10.01,16.55)

β-CTX (ng/mL)

0.35(0.24,0.51)

0.35(0.24,0.51)

0.36(0.25,0.51)

P1NP (ng/mL)

40.34(30.11,52.14)

39.65(29.89,51.86)

42.11(31.77,57.36)

PTH (ng/mL)

37.10(27.86,47.34)

37.82(28.45,48.02)

33.76(23.84,44.41)

BMD

Total lumbar (g/cm²)

0.89 ± 0.16

0.89 ± 0.16

0.85 ± 0.16

Femur neck (g/cm²)

0.83 ± 0.16

0.83 ± 0.16

0.78 ± 0.13

Total hip (g/cm²)

0.70 ± 0.15

0.70 ± 0.15

0.65 ± 0.11

Osteoporosis%

25.9%

19.8%

51.3%