Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the participants of M1 and M2 subgroups

Sex (male/female)

16/10

–

–

12/13

–

–

Age (year)

60.00 (55.00, 62.00)

–

–

62.00 (49.00, 67.00)

–

–

Diabetes duration (year)

14.00 (10.00, 17.00)

–

–

13.00 (10.00, 16.00)

–

–

Body weight (kg)

75.34 ± 10.15

75.10 ± 10.20

0.685

72.88 ± 10.35

72.14 ± 10.06

0.072

BMI (kg/m²)

26.63 ± 3.10

26.55 ± 3.24

0.716

26.11 ± 2.50

25.85 ± 2.35

0.094

Waist circumference (cm)

91.44 ± 9.55

92.46 ± 7.65

0.473

90.76 ± 11.90

92.24 ± 11.46

0.243

SBP (mmHg)

137.00 ± 12.00

131.00 ± 15.00

0.092

138.00 ± 15.00

136.00 ± 16.00

0.608

DBP (mmHg)

80.00 ± 6.00

80.00 ± 7.00

0.980

82.00 ± 7.00

81.00 ± 8.00

0.305

TC (mmol/L)

4.80 ± 1.00

4.68 ± 1.10

0.587

5.14 ± 1.33

4.97 ± 1.02

0.510

TG (mmol/L)

1.90 (1.28, 3.03)

1.58 (1.07, 2.50)

0.041

1.26 (0.79, 1.82) ^*

1.55 (1.01, 1.94)

0.087

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.04 (0.92, 1.21)

1.13 (0.89, 1.25)

0.096

1.14 (1.00, 1.54) ^*

1.22 (0.99, 1.35)

0.277

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.62 ± 0.78

2.69 ± 0.93

0.683

3.17 ± 1.12

2.83 ± 0.72

0.121

FPG (mmol/L)

9.91 (9.08, 12.22)

8.18 (6.82, 10.36)

0.001

10.25 (8.49, 11.96)

8.28 (7.46, 9.61)

0.001

2-h PG (mmol/L)

18.74 (17.55, 21.06)

14.52 (12.67, 18.18)

< 0.001

20.36 (18.06, 22.72)

16.09 (14.64, 17.57)

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

8.20 ± 0.70

7.50 ± 0.60

< 0.001

8.60 ± 0.90

7.60 ± 0.80

< 0.001

GDF15 (pg/mL)

983.05 (694.70, 1324.85)

1040.65 (853.75, 1333.93)

0.016

897.40 (769.90, 1171.30)

1559.70 (1247.35, 2416.00) ^**

< 0.001