Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants at the baseline and endpoint

Sex (male/female)

28/23

–

–

32/21

–

–

Age (year)

60.00 (53.00, 64.00)

–

–

63.00 (57.00, 67.00)

–

–

Diabetes duration (year)

14.00 (10.00, 17.00)

–

–

16.00 (11.00, 20.00)

–

–

Body weight (kg)

74.13 ± 10.22

73.65 ± 10.14

0.181

69.66 ± 9.23

68.63 ± 9.34

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

26.37 ± 2.80

26.21 ± 2.83

0.197

25.31 ± 2.42

24.94 ± 2.43

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

91.11 ± 10.66

92.35 ± 9.61

0.186

88.68 ± 8.33

88.49 ± 8.10

0.736

SBP (mmHg)

137.00 ± 13.00

133.00 ± 16.00

0.107

136.00 ± 16.00

130.00 ± 14.00

0.005

DBP (mmHg)

81.00 (76.00, 86.00)

80.00 (76.00, 85.00)

0.587

81.00 (73.00, 85.00)

77.00 (71.00, 82.00)

0.089

TC (mmol/L)

4.97 ± 1.18

4.82 ± 1.06

0.386

4.93 ± 0.90

4.97 ± 1.08

0.781

TG (mmol/L)

1.63 (1.10, 2.25)

1.55 (1.02, 2.18)

0.636

1.33 (0.95, 2.10)

1.19 (0.89, 1.53)

0.025

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.09 (0.96, 1.35)

1.14 (0.95, 1.30)

0.881

1.17 (1.03, 1.46)

1.15 (0.97, 1.33)

0.089

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.89 ± 0.99

2.76 ± 0.83

0.345

2.94 ± 0.76

3.00 ± 0.85

0.552

FPG (mmol/L)

9.91 (8.79, 12.16)

8.28 (7.29, 9.76)

< 0.001

10.29 (8.88, 12.14)

8.71 (7.49, 10.42)

0.003

2-h PG (mmol/L)

20.03 ± 3.31

15.48 ± 3.53

< 0.001

20.37 ± 3.72

11.60 ± 3.75

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

8.40 (7.70, 9.00)

7.50 (7.00, 8.10)

< 0.001

8.50 (7.80, 9.10)

7.50 (7.00, 8.10)

< 0.001