Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

Age (year)

45.9 ± 12.06

50.9 ± 12.37

48.4 ± 11.87

45.5 ± 11.81

41.3 ± 10.96

< 0.0001

Gender (Male)

5798 (66.5%)

254 (43.1%)

1410 (45.8%)

2157 (73.6%)

1977 (93.0%)

< 0.0001

Height (cm)

162.2 ± 19.51

157.8 ± 18.52

159.4 ± 17.97

164.2 ± 17.85

165.0 ± 23.49

< 0.0001

Weight (kg)

79.7 ± 16.55

81.7 ± 18.08

81.3 ± 17.51

79.5 ± 16.52

77.2 ± 14.11

< 0.0001

BMI (kg/m²)

29.4 ± 6.15

32.3 ± 7.22

31.2 ± 6.58

28.5 ± 5.23

26.9 ± 5.10

< 0.0001

Cardiovascular risk factors

 Hypertension

2955 (33.9%)

258 (43.8%)

1154 (37.5%)

987 (33.7%)

556 (26.2%)

< 0.0001

 Hyperlipidaemia

2465 (28.3%)

172 (29.2%)

880 (28.6%)

884 (30.2%)

529 (24.9%)

0.0005

 Known CAD

474 (5.4%)

27 (4.6%)

157 (5.1%)

184 (6.3%)

106 (5.0%)

0.0938

 Known CHF

66 (0.8%)

4 (0.7%)

30 (1.0%)

23 (0.8%)

9 (0.4%)

0.1593

 Prior CABG

131 (1.5%)

10 (1.7%)

57 (1.9%)

43 (1.5%)

21 (1.0%)

0.0885

 Prior MI

454 (5.2%)

30 (5.1%)

151 (4.9%)

172 (5.9%)

101 (4.8%)

0.2524

 Prior PCI

306 (3.5%)

16 (2.7%)

92 (3.0%)

123 (4.2%)

75 (3.5%)

0.0538

 Smoking

277 (3.2%)

34 (5.8%)

88 (2.9%)

107 (3.7%)

48 (2.3%)

< 0.0001

 Lung disease

348 (4.0%)

37 (6.3%)

145 (4.7%)

124 (4.2%)

42 (2.0%)

< 0.0001

Lab results*

 Cholesterol

4.6 (3.87, 5.30)

4.4 (3.80, 5.20)

4.5 (3.84, 5.28)

4.5 (3.87, 5.33)

4.6 (3.95, 5.35)

0.0142

 Triglyceride

1.4 (0.99, 1.86)

1.4 (1.04, 1.94)

1.3 (0.98, 1.82)

1.4 (0.98, 1.89)

1.4 (1.02, 1.91)

0.0128

 HDL

1.0 (0.88, 1.22)

1.0 (0.87, 1.22)

1.1 (0.90, 1.25)

1.0 (0.87, 1.22)

1.0 (0.88, 1.18)

< 0.0001

 LDL

2.8 (2.22, 3.49)

2.7 (2.10, 3.32)

2.8 (2.19, 3.43)

2.8 (2.22, 3.51)

2.9 (2.29, 3.62)

< 0.0001

 Haemoglobin

143 (129, 154)

133.0 (121, 144)

136.0 (123, 148)

146.0 (132, 156)

152.0 (142, 160)

< 0.0001

 Haematocrit

0.4 (0.39, 0.46)

0.4 (0.37, 0.43)

0.4 (0.37, 0.44)

0.4 (0.40, 0.46)

0.4 (0.42, 0.47)

< 0.0001

 Calcium

2.3 (2.25, 2.40)

2.3 (2.20, 2.35)

2.3 (2.23, 2.39)

2.3 (2.25, 2.39)

2.4 (2.28, 2.42)

< 0.0001

 BUN

4.6 (3.80, 5.80)

4.5 (3.60, 6.00)

4.5 (3.60, 5.80)

4.7 (3.80, 5.80)

4.8 (4.00, 5.80)

< 0.0001

 Creatinine

75.0 (64.00, 89.00)

69.5 (60.00, 85.00)

70.0 (60.00, 84.00)

75.0 (65.00, 88.00)

81.0 (72.00, 93.00)

< 0.0001

 eGFR

94.7 (80.39, 109.42)

92.8 (77.29, 106.46)

93.7 (78.85, 107.83)

95.8 (81.84, 110.79)

94.3 (81.44, 110.09)

0.0001

 hsCRP

2.5 (0.93, 5.00)

6.0 (2.78, 11.00)

3.5 (1.24, 6.16)

2.7 (0.85, 5.00)

1.4 (0.78, 2.38)

0.0001

 Vitamin-D

32.9 (23.00, 48.00)

29.8 (21.00, 47.00)

33.0 (22.20, 49.00)

33.3 (23.15, 49.40)

32.6 (23.90, 46.00)

0.0001

Medications

 Beta-blockers

710 (8.1%)

61 (10.4%)

268 (8.7%)

247 (8.4%)

134 (6.3%)

0.0017

 Calcium channel blockers

503 (5.8%)

54 (9.2%)

202 (6.6%)

159 (5.4%)

88 (4.1%)

< 0.0001

 ACEI

512 (5.9%)

40 (6.8%)

177 (5.8%)

191 (6.5%)

104 (4.9%)

0.0753

 ARB

988 (11.3%)

86 (14.6%)

386 (12.5%)

341 (11.6%)

175 (8.2%)

< 0.0001

 ACEARB

1288 (14.8%)

107 (18.2%)

489 (15.9%)

452 (15.4%)

240 (11.3%)

< 0.0001

 Aspirin

875 (10.0%)

60 (10.2%)

309 (10.0%)

328 (11.2%)

178 (8.4%)

0.0123

 Digoxin

48 (0.6%)

7 (1.2%)

20 (0.6%)

12 (0.4%)

9 (0.4%)

0.0847

 PPI

744 (8.5%)

59 (10.0%)

271 (8.8%)

284 (9.7%)

130 (6.1%)

< 0.0001

 Plavix

2057 (23.6%)

149 (25.3%)

718 (23.3%)

717 (24.5%)

473 (22.2%)

0.2169

 Statin

1388 (15.9%)

86 (14.6%)

483 (15.7%)

506 (17.3%)

313 (14.7%)

0.0674

 Diuretic

357 (4.1%)

41 (7.0%)

154 (5.0%)

110 (3.8%)

52 (2.4%)

< 0.0001

Stress test results

 Rest HR (bpm)

81.9 ± 16.12

86.9 ± 18.45

84.8 ± 17.00

81.1 ± 15.05

77.5 ± 14.21

< 0.0001

 Peak HR (bpm)

155.5 ± 22.13

130.9 ± 25.28

149.8 ± 21.76

158.5 ± 18.79

166.7 ± 17.53

< 0.0001

 Rest SBP (mmHg)

129.8 ± 16.94

133.0 ± 19.06

130.7 ± 18.34

129.1 ± 16.04

128.4 ± 14.98

< 0.0001

 Peak SBP (mmHg)

160.8 ± 25.92

152.7 ± 32.48

160.7 ± 28.64

162.4 ± 24.55

160.7 ± 21.29

< 0.0001

 Rest DBP (mmHg)

79.2 ± 9.88

79.5 ± 10.07

78.6 ± 10.38

79.6 ± 9.45

79.5 ± 9.62

0.0034

 Peak DBP (mmHg)

82.8 ± 10.63

82.3 ± 10.89

83.4 ± 10.77

83.4 ± 10.76

81.2 ± 10.06

< 0.0001

 Peak METs

10.1 ± 2.80

4.7 ± 0.95

8.0 ± 1.04

10.7 ± 0.62

13.6 ± 1.48

< 0.0001

 Chronotropic Incompetence

2275 ( 26.1% )

391 ( 66.4% )

1013 ( 32.9% )

591 ( 20.2% )

280 ( 13.2% )

< 0.0001

 Duke Treadmill Score

5.5 ± 6.12

1.8 ± 5.79

4.0 ± 5.43

6.2 ± 5.73

7.9 ± 6.56

< 0.0001

 Low

6040 (69.3%)

114 (19.4%)

2064 (67.1%)

2221 (75.8%)

1641 (77.2%)

< 0.0001

 Moderate

2447 (28.1%)

454 (77.1%)

925 (30.1%)

597 (20.4%)

471 (22.2%)

 High

235 (2.7%)

21 (3.6%)

88 (2.9% )

112 (3.8% )

14 (0.7%)