Table 2 Characteristics of new users of DPP-4 inhibitors by study site, 2016-2018
From: Characteristics of new users of recent antidiabetic drugs in Canada and the United Kingdom
AB (n = 12,874) | BC (n = 24,388) | MB (n = 5,605) | NS (n = 1,049) | ON (n = 67,484) | QC (n = 64,332) | SK (n = 13,148) | UK (n = 5,190) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59.9 ± 12.7 | 63.0 ± 12.8 | 58.5 ± 13.5 | 58.9 ± 11.6 | 74.9 ± 7.1 | 66.3 ± 12.0 | 61.2 ± 13.3 | 65.1 ± 13.6 |
< 18 | – | 8 (0.0) | s | 0 (0.0) | – | 6 (0.0) | 8 (0.1) | s |
18-35 | 403 (3.1) | 487 (2.0) | 275 (4.9) | 29 (2.8) | – | 942 (1.5) | 374 (2.8) | s |
36-45 | 1,452 (11.3) | 1,697 (7.0) | 675 (12.0) | 87 (8.3) | – | 2,613 (4.1) | 1,211 (9.2) | 323 (6.2) |
46-55 | 3,038 (23.6) | 4,463 (18.3) | 1,325 (23.6) | 273 (26.0) | – | 7,082 (11.0) | 2,713 (20.6) | 919 (17.7) |
56-65 | 3,854 (29.9) | 7,098 (29.1) | 1,605 (28.6) | 393 (37.5) | – | 18,589 (28.9) | 3,830 (29.1) | 1,230 (23.7) |
66-75 | 2,737 (21.3) | 6,601 (27.1) | 1,126 (20.1) | 174 (16.6) | 40,155 (59.5) | 21,545 (33.5) | 3,154 (24.0) | 1,370 (26.4) |
76-85 | 1,090 (8.5) | 3,228 (13.2) | 480 (8.6) | 82 (7.8) | 20,901 (31.0) | 10,412 (16.2) | 1,414 (10.8) | 952 8.3) |
> 85 | 300 (2.3) | 806 (3.3) | s | 11 (1.1) | 6,428 (9.5) | 3,143 (4.9) | 444 (3.4) | 314 (6.1) |
Females | 5,219 (40.5) | 10,315 (42.3) | 2,686 (47.9) | 471 (44.9) | 31,560 (46.8) | 27,803 (43.2) | 5,679 (43.2) | 2,234 (43.0) |
Income quintile a | ||||||||
1st (lowest) | 3,321 (25.8) | 8,555 (35.1) | 1,503 (26.8) | 153 (14.6) | 16,419 (24.3) | 6,871 (10.7) | 3,156 (24.0) | 1,688 (32.5) |
2nd | 2,850 (22.1) | – | 1,265 (22.6) | 185 (17.6) | 15,175 (22.5) | – | 2,460 (18.7) | 1,056 (20.3) |
3rd | 2,315 (18.0) | – | 1,066 (19.0) | 170 (16.2) | 13,589 (20.1) | – | 2,838 (21.6) | 950 (18.3) |
4th | 2,085 (16.2) | – | 945 (16.9) | 188 (17.9) | 11,845 (17.6) | – | 2,541 (19.3) | 938 (18.1) |
5th (highest) | 1,786 (13.9) | – | 781 (13.9) | 133 (12.7) | 10,311 (15.3) | – | 2,087 (15.9) | 558 (10.8) |
Missing | 517 (4.0) | – | 45 (0.8) | 220 (21.0) | 145 (0.2) | – | 66 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Calendar year at cohort entry | ||||||||
2016 | 10,311 (80.1) | 9,367 (38.4) | 2,566 (45.8) | – | 30,564 (45.3) | 25,875 (40.2) | 9,793 (74.5) | 3,041 (58.6) |
2017 | 2,563 (19.9) | 9,922 (40.7) | 2,416 (43.1) | 238 (22.7) | 29,905 (44.3) | 25,399 (39.5) | 2,228 (17.0) | 2,149 (41.4) |
2018 | 0 (0.0) | 5,099 (20.9) | 623 (11.1) | 811 (77.3) | 7,015 (10.4) | 13,058 (20.3) | 1,127 (8.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Diabetes duration (years) | 9.4 ± 6.3 | 11.2 ± 7.6 | 11.4 ± 7.9 | 8.6 ± 6.4 | 13.1 ± 7.6 | 10.8 ± 6.9 | 11.3 ± 6.9 | 10.4 ± 7.2 |
< 1 year | 992 (7.7) | 2,884 (11.8) | 412 (7.4) | 138 (13.2) | 4,988 (7.4) | 5,834 (9.1) | 667 (5.1) | 306 (5.9) |
1-4.9 years | 2,881 (22.4) | 3,200 (13.1) | 1,004 (17.9) | 236 (22.5) | 7,044 (10.4) | 9,803 (15.2) | 2,087 (15.9) | 1,010 (19.5) |
5-10 years | 3,471 (27.0) | 5,156 (21.1) | 1,326 (23.7) | 268 (25.6) | 12,268 (18.2) | 14,356 (22.3) | 3,372 (25.7) | 1,405 (27.1) |
> 10 years | 5,530 (43.0) | 13,148 (53.9) | 2,863 (51.1) | 407 (38.8) | 43,184 (64.0) | 34,339 (53.4) | 7,022 (53.4) | 2,469 (47.6) |
Use of medications ‡ | ||||||||
No. of antidiabetic drugs | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 0.9 |
0 | 1,405 (10.9) | 3,804 (15.6) | 338 (6.0) | 128 (12.2) | 10,676 (15.8) | 10,249 (15.9) | 431 (3.3) | 728 (14.0) |
1 | 4,589 (35.7) | 7,345 (30.1) | 1,227 (21.9) | 436 (41.6) | 31,842 (47.2) | 22,625 (35.2) | 1,361 (10.4) | 2,286 (44.0) |
2 | 4,877 (37.9) | 9,583 (39.3) | 2,986 (53.3) | 386 (36.8) | 20,266 (30.0) | 26,583 (41.3) | 4,782 (36.4) | 1,757 (33.9) |
≥ 3 | 2,003 (15.6) | 3,656 (15.0) | 1,054 (18.8) | 99 (9.4) | 4,700 (7.0) | 4,875 (7.6) | 6,574 (50.0) | 419 (8.1) |
Prior antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||
Metformin | 10,371 (80.6) | 18,155 (74.4) | 4,730 (84.4) | 811 (77.3) | 48,983 (72.6) | 48,206 (74.9) | 11,448 (87.1) | 4,042 (77.9) |
Sulfonylureas | 4,796 (37.3) | 11,330 (46.5) | 3,925 (70.0) | 425 (40.5) | 20,028 (29.7) | 28,757 (44.7) | 8,180 (62.2) | 1,900 (36.6) |
Thiazolidinediones | 444 (3.5) | 331 (1.4) | 140 (2.5) | 7 (0.7) | 503 (0.7) | 952 (1.5) | 390 (3.0) | 261 (5.0) |
SGLT2 inhibitors | 1,431 (11.1) | 3,756 (15.4) | 766 (13.7) | 112 (10.7) | 4,632 (6.9) | 2,566 (4.0) | 1,769 (13.5) | 349 (6.7) |
GLP-1 receptor agonists | 369 (2.9) | 582 (2.4) | 26 (0.5) | 33 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 111 (0.2) | 92 (0.7) | 116 (2.2) |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 43 (0.3) | 241 (1.0) | 89 (1.6) | s | 397 (0.6) | 327 (0.5) | 68 (0.5) | 12 (0.2) |
Meglitinides | 984 (7.6) | 163 (0.7) | 111 (2.0) | s | 76 (0.1) | 1,577 (2.5) | 600 (4.6) | 9 (0.2) |
Insulin | 2,308 (17.9) | 3,487 (14.3) | 724 (12.9) | 115 (11.0) | 12,288 (18.2) | 8,369 (13.0) | 3,294 (25.1) | 429 (8.3) |
Current antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||
Metformin | 7,302 (56.7) | 11,749 (48.2) | 2,063 (36.8) | 456 (43.5) | 32,259 (47.8) | 40,963 (63.7) | 7,017 (53.4) | 1,317 (25.4) |
Sulfonylureas | 1,463 (11.4) | 4,220 (17.3) | 1,346 (24.0) | 113 (10.8) | 5,876 (8.7) | 13,349 (20.8) | 3,481 (26.5) | 604 (11.6) |
Thiazolidinediones | 106 (0.8) | 117 (0.5) | 36 (0.6) | s | 38 (0.1) | 185 (0.3) | 105 (0.8) | 40 (0.8) |
SGLT2 inhibitors | 787 (6.1) | 1,276 (5.2) | 248 (4.4) | 32 (3.1) | 1,881 (2.8) | 2,090 (3.2) | 833 (6.3) | 89 (1.7) |
GLP-1 receptor agonists | 44 (0.3) | 80 (0.3) | s | s | 0 (0.0) | 15 (0.0) | 13 (0.1) | 8 (0.2) |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 14 (0.1) | 73 (0.3) | 28 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 132 (0.2) | 126 (0.2) | 35 (0.3) | s |
Meglitinides | 215 (1.7) | 62 (0.3) | 30 (0.5) | s | 10 (0.0) | 908 (1.4) | 261 (2.0) | s |
Insulin | 604 (4.7) | 992 (4.1) | 167 (3.0) | 29 (2.8) | 3,425 (5.1) | 3,096 (4.8) | 1,011 (7.7) | 154 (3.0) |
No. of non-antidiabetic drugsc | 7.1 ± 4.8 | 7.6 ± 5.0 | 7.7 ± 5.3 | 7.0 ± 4.0 | 9.2 ± 5.6 | 9.0 ± 5.4 | 3.8 ± 2.0 | 11.2 ± 7.7 |
0-1 | 891 (6.9) | 2,229 (9.1) | 353 (6.3) | 64 (6.1) | 1,981 (2.9) | 2,448 (3.8) | 1,667 (12.7) | 177 (3.4) |
2-5 | 4,771 (37.1) | 8,155 (33.4) | 1,931 (34.5) | 414 (39.5) | 17,255 (25.6) | 16,147 (25.1) | 8,941 (68.0) | 1,067 (20.6) |
≥ 6 | 7,212 (56.0) | 14,004 (57.4) | 3,321 (59.3) | 571 (54.4) | 48,248 (71.5) | 45,737 (71.1) | 2,540 (19.3) | 3,946 (76.0) |
Health care use b | ||||||||
Inpatient hospitalizations | ||||||||
0 | 11,245 (87.4) | 18,514 (75.9) | 4,939 (88.1) | 959 (91.4) | 53,671 (79.5) | 47,923 (74.5) | 9,616 (73.1) | 3,512 (67.7) |
1-2 | 1,501 (11.7) | 5,113 (21.0) | 629 (11.2) | 80 (7.6) | 12,333 (18.3) | 14,567 (22.6) | 3,051 (23.2) | 1,317 (25.4) |
≥ 3 | 128 (1.0) | 761 (3.1) | 37 (0.7) | 10 (1.0) | 1,480 (2.2) | 1,842 (2.9) | 481 (3.7) | 361 (7.0) |
Physician visits | ||||||||
0 | 93 (0.7) | 2,097 (8.6) | 177 (3.2) | 27 (2.6) | 1,377 (2.0) | 3,732 (5.8) | 124 (0.9) | 760 (14.6) |
1-2 | 313 (2.4) | 885 (3.6) | 408 (7.3) | 39 (3.7) | 5,278 (7.8) | 4,910 (7.6) | 245 (1.9) | 943 (18.2) |
≥ 3 | 12,468 (96.9) | 21,406 (87.8) | 5,020 (89.6) | 983 (93.7) | 60,829 (90.1) | 55,690 (86.6) | 12,779 (97.2) | 3,487 (67.2) |