Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients of Norwegian and Pakistani ethnicity
Norwegian (n = 21) | Pakistani (n = 18) | |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 42 (6) | 41 (8) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 37.2 (6.0) | 30.9 (9.4)** |
Fasting C-peptide (pmol/L) | 1162 ± 458 | 977 ± 373 |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 166 (160) | 209 (193) |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 10.7 ± 3.2 | 10.6 ± 3.3 |
HbA1c (% mmol/mol) | 7.3/56 (1.4/13) | 8.7/72 (2.9/31)* |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.03 ± 0.21 | 1.08 ± 0.24 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.6 |
Lean body mass (kg) | 67.1 ± 12.6 | 54.2 ± 12.2** |
Men (%) | 10 (48%) | 9 (50%) |
Total body fat (%) | 36.9 ± 9.6 | 34.2 ± 7.7 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | 39.5 ± 12.0 | 28.0 ± 8.2** |
Thigh area (AU) | 337 ± 57.7 | 294 ± 65.8* |
Thigh SAT | 165 ± 64.3 | 137 ± 59.5 |
Thigh SAT/area | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.13 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.3 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.1) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 114.3 ± 10.9 | 106.5 ± 17.4* |
Hip circumference (cm) | 114.8 ± 9.6 | 104.9 ± 8.8** |
Waist-hip ratio | 1.00 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.09 |
Weight (kg) | 106.8 ± 13.6 | 90.1 ± 23.4** |
Years with diabetes | 5 (9) | 9 (7)* |
Diabetes treatment n(%) | ||
OAD / NPH insulin ± OAD | 11 (52%) / 10 (48%) | 5 (28%) / 13 (72%) |
Other medications | ||
Statins | 10 (48%) | 4 (22%) |
Blood pressure lowering agents | 8 (38%) | 7 (39%) |
Self-reported complications | ||
Macrovascular | 2 (10%) | 3 (17%) |
Retinopathy | 2 (10%) | 3 (17%) |
Nephropathy or microalbuminuria | 2 (10%) | 6 (33%) |
Neuropathy | 1 (5%) | 3 (17%) |
Diabetic foot ulcers | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) |
Others (ED, fatty liver, periodontitis) | 5 (24%) | 6 (33%) |
Co-morbidities | ||
Astma/COPD | 4 (19%) | 4 (22%) |
Psychiatric conditions | 4 (19%) | 1 (6%) |
GI disease | 5 (24%) | 2 (11%) |
Other endocrine disorders | 2 (10%) | 3 (17%) |
Smoking | 10 | 1 |
Parity in women | ||
0–2 | 11 | 4 |
3–5 | 0 | 5 |