Table 1 Sociodemographic and health characteristics of the study subjects
Characteristics | Whole Sample (n = 9855) | Diabetes Status | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No diabetes (n = 8093) | Diagnosed DM (n = 894) | Undiagnosed DM (n = 868) | |||
Gender (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.004 | ||
 Female | 5264 (53.41) | 4264 (52.69) | 519 (58.05) | 481 (55.41) |  |
 Male | 4591 (46.59) | 3829 (47.31) | 375 (41.95) | 387 (44.59) |  |
Age (years, Mean ± SD) | 60.95 ± 9.16 | 60.57 ± 9.17 | 62.42 ± 8.66 | 62.96 ± 9.14 | <0.001 |
Age groups (n, %) | Â | Â | <0.001 | ||
 45-54 | 2897 (29.40) | 2525 (31.20) | 189 (21.14) | 183 (21.08) |  |
 55-64 | 3642 (36.95) | 2961 (36.59) | 354 (39.60) | 327 (37.67) |  |
 ≥65 | 3316 (33.65) | 2607 (32.21) | 351 (39.26) | 358 (41.25) |  |
Marital status (n, %) | Â | Â | <0.001 | ||
 Married or cohabitated | 8190 (83.11) | 6744 (83.33) | 761 (85.12) | 685 (78.92) |  |
 Widowed | 1124 (11.40) | 890 (11.00) | 99 (11.07) | 135 (15.55) |  |
 Other status | 541 (5.49) | 459 (5.67) | 34 (3.81) | 48 (5.53) |  |
Educational level (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Semi-illiterate | 4269 (43.32) | 3484 (43.05) | 364 (40.72) | 421 (48.50) |  |
 Primary school | 2299 (23.33) | 1904 (23.53) | 197 (22.04) | 198 (22.81) |  |
 Middle school | 2148 (21.80) | 1781 (22.00) | 202 (22.59) | 165 (19.01) |  |
 High school or above | 1139 (11.55) | 924 (11.42) | 131 (14.65) | 84 (9.68) |  |
Smoking status (n, %) | Â | <0.001 | |||
 Nonsmokers | 5851 (59.37) | 4779 (59.05) | 558 (62.42) | 514 (59.22) |  |
 Smokers | 4004 (40.63) | 3314 (40.95) | 336 (37.58) | 354 (40.78) |  |
Alcohol consumption | Â | <0.001 | |||
 Nondrinkers | 6391 (64.85) | 5153 (63.67) | 651 (72.82) | 587 (67.63) |  |
 Drinkers | 3464 (35.15) | 2940 (36.33) | 243 (27.18) | 281 (32.37) |  |
BMI (kg/m2, Mean ± SD) | 23.90 (3.68) | 23.60 (3.55) | 25.33 (3.81) | 25.20 (4.09) | <0.001 |
BMI groups (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 <18.5 | 616 (5.59) | 550 (6.11) | 29 (2.81) | 37 (3.77) |  |
 18.5-23.9 | 5271 (47.86) | 4591 (51.02) | 345 (33.43) | 335 (34.08) |  |
 24.0-27.9 | 3668 (33.30) | 2840 (31.56) | 439 (42.54) | 389 (39.57) |  |
 ≥28.0 | 1459 (13.25) | 1018 (11.31) | 219 (21.22) | 222 (22.58) |  |
Depression (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 No | 7450 (75.60) | 6157 (76.08) | 634 (70.92) | 659 (75.92) |  |
 yes | 2405 (24.40) | 1936 (23.92) | 260 (29.08) | 209 (24.08) |  |
Hypertension (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 No | 7095 (71.99) | 5963 (73.68) | 578 (64.65) | 554 (63.82) |  |
 Yes | 2760 (28.01) | 2130 (26.32) | 316 (35.35) | 314 (36.18) |  |
Dyslipidemia (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 No | 8245 (83.66) | 7016 (86.69) | 553 (61.86) | 676 (77.88) |  |
 Yes | 1610 (16.34) | 1077 (13.31) | 341 (38.14) | 192 (22.12) |  |
Self-rated health (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Poor | 1678 (17.03) | 1286 (15.89) | 273 (30.54) | 119 (13.71) |  |
 Fair | 5685 (57.69) | 4651 (57.47) | 504 (56.37) | 530 (61.06) |  |
 Good | 2492 (25.28) | 2156 (26.64) | 117 (13.09) | 219 (25.23) |  |
Living area (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Rural | 7344 (74.52) | 6140 (75.87) | 574 (64.21) | 630 (72.58) |  |
 Urban | 2511 (25.48) | 1953 (24.13) | 320 (35.79) | 238 (27.42) |  |
Cognition (Mean ± SD) | |||||
 Executive function | 6.294 ± 2.469 | 6.314 ± 2.464 | 6.457 ± 2.367 | 5.945 ± 2.587 | <0.001 |
 Episodic memory | 3.354 ± 1.833 | 3.382 ± 1.827 | 3.371 ± 1.747 | 3.081 ± 1.946 | <0.001 |