Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study population

Age (year)

64.81 ± 4.95

66.85 ± 5.42

2.838

0.005

Male [n (%)]

89 (54.9%)

34 (46.6%)

1.411

0.235

Education (years)

11.12 ± 2.21

10.05 ± 1.81

3.903

 < 0.001

BMI

25.73 ± 1.64

26.04 ± 1.45

1.399

0.163

Smoking

44 (27.2%)

26 (35.6%)

1.720

0.190

Drinking

35 (21.6%)

22 (30.1%)

1.994

0.158

Diabetes duration (years)

8.25 ± 0.97

8.83 ± 1.02

4.186

 < 0.001

CVD

72 (44.4%)

47 (64.4%)

8.004

0.005

Hypertension

46 (28.4%)

32 (43.8%)

5.410

0.020

Hyperlipidemia

45 (27.8%)

31 (42.5)

4.962

0.026

Retinopathy

34 (21.0%)

20 (27.4%)

1.168

0.280

Nephropathy

39 (24.1%)

28 (38.4%)

5.036

0.025

Neuropathy

20 (12.3%)

15 (20.5%)

2.671

0.102

HbA1c (%)

7.97 ± 0.67

8.18 ± 0.65

2.233

0.027

TG (mmol/L)

2.64 ± 0.55

2.79 ± 0.43

2.094

0.037

TC (mmol/L)

6.15 ± 0.44

6.35 ± 0.54

2.909

0.004

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.54 ± 0.39

3.70 ± 0.47

2.716

0.007

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.80 ± 0.31

1.66 ± 0.31

3.132

0.002

Creatinine (μmol/L)

72.13 ± 8.44

75.68 ± 7.60

3.074

0.002

Hs-CRP (ng/mL)

2.12 ± 0.41

2.25 ± 0.28

2.961

0.003

BDNF (mIU/L)

9.09 ± 1.64

8.42 ± 1.19

3.556

 < 0.001

MoCA

28.05 ± 1.32

23.01 ± 1.35

26.845

 < 0.001

Apelin (ng/mL)

1.48 ± 0.35

1.29 ± 0.31

3.987

 < 0.001