Table 2 Prevalence of elevated serum liver enzymes in study participants (n = 9895)
From: Serum liver enzymes and diabetes from the Rafsanjan cohort study
Characteristic | Elevated ALT | P -value | Elevated AST | P -value | Elevated GGT | P -value | Elevated ALP | P -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age cat- no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | 0.905 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 | |
 35–45 | 438(49.27) |  | 112(37.58) |  | 310(30.45) |  | 215(22.10) |  |
 46–55 | 268(30.15) | 94(31.54) | 335(32.91) | 344(35.35) | ||||
 ≥ 56 | 183(20.58) | 92(30.87) | 373(36.64) | 414(42.55) | ||||
Gender- no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | 0.621 |  | 0.001 |  | 0.827 | |
 Female | 348(39.15) |  | 155(52.01) |  | 595(58.45) |  | 523(53.75) |  |
 Male | 541(60.85) | 143(47.99) | 423(41.55) | 450(46.25) | ||||
Education-no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | 0.090 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 | |
 ≤ 5 years | 255(28.72) |  | 122(40.94) |  | 422(41.49) |  | 463(47.63) |  |
 6–12 years | 444(50.00) | 129(43.29) | 443(43.56) | 403(41.46) | ||||
 ≥ 13 years | 189(21.28) | 47(15.77) | 152(14.95) | 106(10.91) | ||||
Physical activity- no. (%) | 0.009 |  | 0.042 |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.006 | |
 Low | 381(42.86) |  | 135(45.30) |  | 450(44.20) |  | 423(43.47) |  |
 Moderate | 409(46.01) | 140(46.98) | 493(48.43) | 460(47.28) | ||||
 Heavy | 99(11.14) | 23(7.72) | 75(7.37) | 90(9.25) | ||||
BMI- no. (%) |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.038 |
 < 25 | 120(13.53) |  | 53(17.79) |  | 167(16.42) |  | 249(25.62) |  |
 25–29.9 | 429(48.37) | 123(41.28) | 464(45.62) | 403(41.46) | ||||
 ≥ 30 | 338(38.11) | 122(40.94) | 386(37.95) | 320(32.92) | ||||
WSI-no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | 0.137 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 | |
 Low | 213(23.99) |  | 79(26.51) |  | 274(26.94) |  | 306(31.48) |  |
 Low-middle | 247(27.82) | 90(30.20) | 316(31.07) | 276(28.40) | ||||
 Middle-high | 328(36.94) | 101(33.89) | 372(36.58) | 352(36.21) | ||||
 High | 100(11.26) | 28(9.40) | 55(5.41) | 38(3.91) | ||||
Alcohol consumption- no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | 0.006 |  | 0.945 |  | 0.045 | |
 Yes | 142(16.15) |  | 43(14.78) |  | 101(10.05) |  | 114(11.83) |  |
 No | 737(83.85) |  | 248(85.22) |  | 904(89.95) |  | 850(88.17) |  |
Cigarette smoking -no. (%) | 0.311 |  | 0.441 |  | 0.049 |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 213(24.23) |  | 69(23.71) |  | 232(23.08) |  | 318(32.99) |  |
 No | 666(75.77) | 222(76.29) | 773(76.92) | 646(67.01) | ||||
Opium consumption- no. (%) | 0.001 |  | 0.227 |  | 0.583 |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 168(19.11) |  | 60(20.62) |  | 230(22.89) |  | 307(31.85) |  |
 No | 711(80.89) | 231(79.38) | 775(77.11) | 657(68.15) | ||||
Hypertension- no. (%) | 0.391 |  | 0.019 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 189(21.43) |  | 83(28.23) |  | 297(29.41) |  | 317(32.82) |  |
 No | 693(78.57) | 211(71.77) | 713(70.59) | 649(67.18) | ||||
Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives- no (%) | 0.134 |  | 0.402 |  | 0.053 |  | 0.102 | |
 Yes | 456(51.70) |  | 152(51.70) |  | 527(52.18) |  | 452(46.79) |  |
 No | 426(48.30) | 142(48.30) | 483(47.82) | 514(53.21) | ||||
Family history of diabetes in second-degree relatives- no (%) | 0.767 | Â | 0.322 | Â | 0.940 | Â | 0.021 | |
 Yes | 213(24.15) |  | 65(22.11) |  | 247(24.46) |  | 208(21.53) |  |
 No | 669(75.85) | 229(77.89) | 763(75.54) | 758(78.47) | ||||
Fatty liver- no. (%) |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.409 |
 Yes | 167(18.93) |  | 53(18.03) |  | 165(16.34) |  | 106(10.97) |  |
 No | 715(81.07) | 241(81.97) | 845(83.66) | 860(89.03) | ||||
Hepatitis- no. (%) | 0.318 | Â | 0.016 | Â | 0.930 | Â | 0.865 | |
 Yes | 4(0.45) |  | 3(1.02) |  | 3(0.30) |  | 3(0.31) |  |
 No | 878(99.55) |  | 291(98.98) |  | 1007(99.70) |  | 963(99. 69) |  |
Use of hepatotoxic drugs- no. (%) | 0.207 |  | 0.254 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 197(22.34) |  | 79(26.87) |  | 315(31.19) |  | 304(31.47) |  |
 No | 685(77.66) | 215(73.13) | 695(68.81) | 662(68.53) | ||||
Cholesterol- no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | 0.003 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 | |
 Normal | 394(44.32) |  | 141(47.32) |  | 433(42.53) |  | 487(50.05) |  |
 Elevated | 495(55.68) | 157(52.68) | 585(57.47) | 486(49.95) | ||||
Triglycerides- no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | 0.005 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 | |
 Normal | 557(62.65) |  | 203(68.12) |  | 596(58.55) |  | 662(68.04) |  |
 Elevated | 332(37.35) | 95(31.88) | 422(41.45) | 311(31.96) | ||||
LDL cholesterol- no. (%) | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.001 | |
 Normal | 633(71.28) |  | 201(67.68) |  | 699(68.73) |  | 712(73.25) |  |
 Elevated | 255(28.72) | 96(32.32) | 318(31.27) | 260(26.75) | ||||
HDL cholesterol- no. (%) | 0.855 | Â | 0.479 | Â | 0.679 | Â | 0.594 | |
 Normal | 885(99.55) |  | 296(99.33) |  | 1013(99.51) |  | 970(99.69) |  |
 Reduced | 4(0.45) | 2(0.67) | 5(0.49) | 3(0.31) | ||||
FBS- no. (%) |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |
 Normal | 677(76.15) |  | 217(72.82) |  | 696(68.37) |  | 682(70.09) |  |
 Elevated | 212(23.85) | 81(27.18) | 322(31.63) | 291(29.91) | ||||