Table 1 Characteristic of the study subjects

Age (years)

60.4 ± 6.2

60.3 ± 7.2

60.5 ± 5.3

BMI (kg/m²)

24.0 ± 3.2

24.5 ± 3.0

23.6 ± 3.3 ^**

SBP (mmHg)

130.0 (119.0–142.0)

133.0 (123.0–145.0)

127.0 (116.0–139.0) ^**

DBP (mmHg)

77.0 (71.0–84.0)

80.0 (74.0–87.0)

75.0 (69.0–82.0) ^**

FPG (mmol/L)

5.7 ± 0.5

5.7 ± 0.5

5.7 ± 0.5

2hPG (mmol/L)

7.0 ± 1.7

7.0 ± 1.8

7.1 ± 1.7

FINS (mU/L)

8.6 (6.2–12.2)

8.3 (5.8–11.6)

8.9 (6.4–12.3) ^*

HOMA-IR

2.1 (1.5–3.1)

2.1 (1.5–3.0)

2.2 (1.6–3.2) ^*

TC (mmol/L)

5.4 (4.8–6.0)

5.0 (4.5–5.6)

5.6 (5.0–6.3) ^**

TG (mmol/L)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

1.4 (1.0–2.2)

1.3 (1.0–1.9) ^**

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

1.5 (1.3–1.8) ^**

LDL-c (mmol/L)

3.3 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.8

3.4 ± 0.8 ^**

CRP (mg/L)

0.9 (0.4–1.6)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

1.0 (0.5–1.6)

HbA_1c (%)

5.6 (5.4–5.9)

5.6 (5.4–5.8)

5.7 (5.5–5.9) ^**

Hemoglobin (g/L)

144.0 (135.0–154.0)

154.0 (147.5–161.0)

137.0 (132.0–143.0) ^**

Years since menopause (years)

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10 (6–15)