Table 1 Characteristics of Participants by Study Arm (N = 123)
Group Visit (N = 51) | Usual Care (N = 72) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age (years), (mean, SD) | 55.1 (11.8) | 55.4 (11.6) | 0.87 |
Female (n, %) | 36 (70.6%) | 47 (65.3%) | 0.54 |
Race/ethnicity (n, %) | 0.27 | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 16 (31.4%) | 33 (45.8%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 22 (43.1%) | 24 (33.3%) | |
Hispanic or Latino | 9 (17.6%) | 13 (18.1%) | |
Native American | 4 (7.8%) | 2 (2.8%) | |
Language (n, %) | 0.51 | ||
English | 44 (86.3%) | 64 (88.9%) | |
Spanish | 7 (13.7%) | 7 (9.7%) | |
Educational attainment (n, %) | |||
8th grade or less | 4 (7.8%) | - | |
Some high school | 7 (13.7%) | - | |
High school diploma or GED | 14 (27.5%) | - | - |
Some college | 8 (15.7%) | - | - |
2-year degree | 4 (7.8%) | - | - |
College graduate | 4 (7.8%) | - | - |
Ever had diabetes education (n,%) | 20 (39.2%) | ||
Income (n,%) | 0.28 | ||
< $25,000/year | 31 (60.8%) | 49 (68.1%) | |
≥ $25,000/year | 8 (15.7%) | 21 (29.2%) | |
Insurance (n,%) | 0.05 | ||
Medicaid | 16 (31.4%) | 15 (20.8%) | |
Medicare | 13 (25.5%) | 10 (13.9%) | |
Dual-eligible | 2 (3.9%) | 13 (18.1%) | |
Private | 9 (17.6%) | 20 (27.8%) | |
Self-Pay/No Insurance | 11 (21.6%) | 14 (19.4%) | |
Health measures | |||
Family history of diabetes (n,%) | 38 (74.5%) | 38 (52.8%) | 0.48 |
Time since diagnosis (years), (mean, SD) | 13.3 (9.4) | 6.3 (4.3) | < 0.0001 |
General health (n,%) | |||
Very Good/Excellent | 3 (5.9%) | - | |
Fair/Poor/Good | 40 (78.4%) | - | |
Clinical measures | |||
Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) (%), (mean, SD) | 10.2 (1.7%) | 10.2 (1.9%) | 0.81 |
Body mass index (BMI), (mean, SD) | 37.4 (11.4) | 36.9 (8.6) | 0.81 |
Weight (lbs), (mean, SD) | 221.7 (63.8) | 223.8 (61.2) | 0.86 |
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL)(mean, SD) | 113.1 (47.2) | 106.2 (41.7) | 0.44 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), (mean, SD) | 135.2 (21.8) | 138.7 (26.9) | 0.46 |
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg (n, %) | 20 (39.2%) | 29 (40.3%) | 0.66 |
Any complications (n,%) | 0.08 | ||
Yes | 25 (49.0%) | 24 (33.3%) | |
No | 26 (51.0%) | 48 (66.7%) | |
Complications (n,%) | |||
Retinopathy | 8 (15.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.003 |
Neuropathy | 6 (11.8%) | 14 (19.4%) | 0.26 |
Amputation | 2 (3.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.09 |
Nephropathy | 9 (17.6%) | 6 (8.3%) | 0.12 |
Heart disease | 7 (13.7%) | 9 (12.5%) | 0.84 |
Stroke | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.80 |
Peripheral arterial disease | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.2%) | 0.14 |
Dental disease | 3 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.04 |
Heart failure | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.40 |
Medications | |||
On insulin (n, %) | 26 (51.0%) | - | |
On other diabetes medications (n, %) | 41 (80.3%) | - | |
Healthcare utilization | |||
Had an emergency room visit in the past 6 months (n, %) | 11 (21.6%) | 10 (13.9%) | 0.10 |
Had a hospitalization in the past 6 months (n, %) | 7 (13.7%) | 10 (13.9%) | 0.21 |
Had a primary care visit in the past 6 months (n, %) | 47 (92.2%) | 65 (90.3%) | 0.72 |