Table 3 Factors associated with increased insulin resistance

Age (per 10 years increase)

1.26 (1.14–1.51)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.02–1.26)

0.04

Gender (female vs male)

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

0.25

N/A

BMI (per 5 kg/m² increase)

1.23 (1.11–1.36)

< 0.001

1.05 (0.91–1.13)

0.19

Waist/hip ratio (per 0.1 increase)

1.36 (1.24–1.58)

< 0.001

1.17 (0.98–1.26)

0.08

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (per 5 cm² increase)

1.08 (0.96–1.23)

0.08

1.02 (0.90–1.17)

0.26

Visceral adipose tissue (per 5 cm² increase)

1.50 (1.39–1.82)

< 0.001

1.26 (1.11–1.63)

0.008

Smoking (yes vs no)

1.06 (0.87–1.10)

0.39

N/A

Physical inactivity (yes vs no)

1.12 (1.03–1.25)

0.03

1.04 (0.90–1.09)

0.35

Hypertension (yes vs no)

1.05 (0.92–1.14)

0.34

N/A

Dyslipidemia (yes vs no)

1.13 (0.95–1.30)

0.09

1.05 (0.89–1.07)

0.41

Prior CVD history (yes vs no)

1.05 (0.86–1.05)

0.42

N/A

Statin (yes vs no)

0.90 (0.82–1.03)

0.11

N/A

Canagliflozin vs Metformin

0.83 (0.72–0.90)

0.009

0.90 (0.83–0.97)

0.02

CRP (per 1 mg/L increase)

1.21 (1.09–1.47)

< 0.001

1.08 (1.01–1.25)

0.04

NO (per 5 μmol/L increase)

0.80 (0.67–0.91)

< 0.001

0.85 (0.74–0.97)

0.01