Table 1 Sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of the participants according to the DD categories (N = 259)
Variables | Subgroups | All subjects (N = 259) | Without DD (DDS < 2) (n = 123) | With DD (DDS ≥ 2) (n = 136) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mean ± SD or median (IQR) or n(%) | |||||
Age (years) | 50.36 ± 12.7 | 50.50 ± 11.9 | 50.22 ± 13.4 | 0.858 | |
Age group | < 50 years | 121 (46.7) | 58 (47.2) | 63 (46.3) | 0.901 |
≥50 years | 138 (53.3) | 65 (52.8) | 73 (53.7) | ||
Gender | Male | 142 (54.8) | 72 (58.5) | 70 (51.5) | 0.263 |
Female | 117 (45.2) | 51 (41.5) | 66 (48.5) | ||
Residence | Urban | 162 (62.5) | 86 (69.9) | 76 (55.9) | 0.021 |
Rural | 97 (37.5) | 37 (30.1) | 60 (44.1) | ||
Monthly income category (in BDT) | < 20,000 | 99 (38.2) | 46 (37.4) | 53 (39.0) | 0.482 |
20,000-40,000 | 107 (41.3) | 55 (44.7) | 52 (38.2) | ||
≥40,000 | 53 (20.5) | 22 (17.9) | 31 (22.8) | ||
Education | < Higher secondary | 161 (62.2) | 74 (60.2) | 87 (64) | 0.608 |
≥ Higher secondary | 98 (37.8) | 49 (39.8) | 49 (36) | ||
Current smoker | No | 238 (91.9) | 111 (90.2) | 127 (93.4) | 0.373 |
Yes | 21 (8.1) | 12 (9.8) | 9 (6.6) | ||
DM in First-Degree Relative | No | 86 (33.2) | 41 (33.3) | 45 (33.1) | 1.000 |
Yes | 173 (66.8) | 82 (66.7) | 91 (66.9) | ||
Age at diagnosis of DM | < 40 years | 105 (40.5) | 46 (37.4) | 59 (43.4) | 0.375 |
≥40 years | 154 (59.5) | 77 (62.6) | 77 (56.6) | ||
Duration of DM (years) | 6 (3–11) | 6 (2–11) | 5.5 (3–10) | 0.967 | |
Duration of DM | 1–5 years | 129 (49.8) | 61 (49.6) | 68 (50) | 0.780 |
> 5–10 years | 65 (25.1) | 29 (23.6) | 36 (26.5) | ||
> 10 years | 65 (25.1) | 33 (26.8) | 32 (23.5) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.04 ± 3.3 | 24.16 ± 2.7 | 23.9 ± 3.7 | 0.560 | |
Overweight or obese | 163 (62.9) | 80 (65) | 83 (61) | 0.522 | |
WC (cm) | 87.2 ± 9.3 | 87.9 ± 7.8 | 86.6 ± 10.5 | 0.271 | |
Abdominal obesity | 161 (62.2) | 78 (63.4) | 83 (61) | 0.702 | |
HbA1c (%) | 8.12 ± 2.3 | 7.72 ± 2.0 | 8.49 ± 2.5 | 0.008 | |
Control of DM | Controlled | 83 (32) | 48 (39) | 35 (25.7) | 0.024 |
Uncontrolled | 176 (68) | 75 (61) | 101 (74.3) | ||
Treatment of DM | Lifestyle only | 5 (1.9) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
Lifestyle + OAD | 139 (53.7) | 84 (68.3) | 55 (40.4) | ||
Lifestyle + insulin | 65 (25.1) | 23 (18.7) | 42 (30.9) | ||
Lifestyle + OAD + insulin | 50 (19.3) | 15 (12.2) | 35 (25.7) | ||
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 0.95 (0.8–1.2) | 0.643 | |
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.9 (60.1–101.4) | 86.5 (60.5–102.1) | 79.0 (58.6–98.7) | 0.040 | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.4 ± 39.1 | 198.8 ± 36.8 | 196.2 ± 41.2 | 0.589 | |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 39.9 ± 7.5 | 40.4 ± 6.6 | 39.4 ± 8.2 | 0.255 | |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 127.3 ± 34.7 | 127.7 ± 33.7 | 126.9 ± 35.6 | 0.836 | |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 188.9 ± 60.9 | 179.9 ± 59.9 | 197.1 ± 60.9 | 0.023 | |
Dyslipidemia | 258 (99.6) | 123 (100) | 135 (99.3) | 1.000 | |
Any diabetic complication | 158 (61) | 60 (48.8) | 98 (72.1) | < 0.001 | |
Nephropathy | 92 (35.5) | 36 (29.3) | 56 (41.2) | 0.052 | |
Retinopathy | 48 (18.5) | 16 (13) | 32 (23.5) | 0.037 | |
Neuropathy | 64 (24.7) | 22 (17.9) | 42 (30.9) | 0.021 | |
IHD | 44 (17.0) | 21 (17.1) | 23 (16.9) | 1.000 | |
Stroke | 5 (1.9) | 3 (2.4) | 2 (1.5) | 0.671 | |
Foot ulcer | 9 (3.5) | 2 (1.6) | 7 (5.1) | 0.177 | |
Recurrent infections | 24 (9.3) | 5 (4.1) | 19 (14) | 0.009 | |
Any comorbidity | 103 (39.8) | 49 (39.8) | 54 (39.7) | 1.000 | |
HTN | 91 (35.1) | 46 (37.4) | 45 (33.1) | 0.515 | |
Meets WHO recommendations on physical activity | Yes | 173 (66.8) | 90 (73.2) | 83 (61) | 0.047 |
No | 86 (33.2) | 33 (26.8) | 53 (39) | ||
PDAQ Total Score | 29.74 ± 10.5 | 30.68 ± 10.6 | 28.89 ± 10.3 | 0.169 | |
PHQ-9 Score | 8.54 ± 5.8 | 6.98 ± 5.2 | 9.96 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 | |
Major depression | Absent | 154 (59.5) | 92 (74.8) | 62 (45.6) | < 0.001 |
Present | 105 (40.5) | 31 (25.2) | 74 (54.4) | ||