Table 1 Mothers’ sample characteristics at child-age 15 months by country
Variable | US n = 2269 | Finland n = 1218 | Germany n = 303 | Sweden n = 1794 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | ||
Demographics: | |||||
Child sex: | 0.817 | ||||
Female | 1112 (49.0) | 598 (49.1) | 142 (46.9) | 893 (49.8) | |
Male | 1157 (51.0) | 620 (50.9) | 161 (53.1) | 901 (50.2) | |
First-degree relative with type 1 diabetes: | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2081 (91.7) | 1144 (93.9) | 205 (67.7) | 1706 (95.1) | |
Yes | 188 (8.3) | 74 (6.1) | 98 (32.3) | 88 (4.9) | |
Child ethnic minority: | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1596 (70.3) | 1139 (93.5) | 252 (83.2) | 1648 (91.9) | |
Yes | 608 (26.8) | 33 (2.7) | 40 (13.2) | 113 (6.3) | |
Missing | 65 (2.9) | 46 (3.8) | 11 (3.6) | 33 (1.8) | |
First child: | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1385 (61.0) | 662 (54.4) | 156 (51.5) | 977 (54.5) | |
Yes | 856 (37.7) | 536 (44.0) | 136 (44.9) | 804 (44.8) | |
Missing | 28 (1.2) | 20 (1.6) | 11 (3.6) | 13 (0.7) | |
Parents living together: | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 116 (5.1) | 34 (2.8) | 7 (2.3) | 39 (2.2) | |
Yes | 2125 (93.7) | 1166 (95.7) | 285 (94.1) | 1741 (97.0) | |
Missing | 28 (1.2) | 18 (1.5) | 11 (3.6) | 14 (0.8) | |
Mother’s education: | < 0.001 | ||||
University | 1412 (62.2) | 723 (59.4) | 111 (36.6) | 879 (49.0) | |
Trade School | 513 (22.6) | 371 (30.5) | 145 (47.9) | 310 (17.3) | |
Basic Primary | 329 (14.5) | 104 (8.5) | 36 (11.9) | 594 (33.1) | |
Missing | 15 (0.7) | 20 (1.6) | 11 (3.6) | 11 (0.6) | |
Mother’s age at child’s birth | 2269 | 1218 | 303 | 1794 | < 0.001 |
31.0 (5.5) | 30.1 (4.8) | 32.1 (4.8) | 31.0 (4.6) | ||
Study variables: | |||||
Number of staff member changes: | 2141 | 1178 | 253 | 1759 | < 0.001 |
2.5 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.3) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.6) | ||
Recruitment cohort: | < 0.001 | ||||
Sept 2004-Feb 2009 | 1710 (75.4) | 1005 (82.5) | 243 (80.2) | 1446 (80.6) | |
Mar 2009-Feb 2010 | 559 (24.6) | 213 (17.5) | 60 (19.8) | 348 (19.4) | |
Lifestyle variables: | |||||
Mother smokes: | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2097 (92.4) | 1068 (87.7) | 254 (83.8) | 1602 (89.3) | |
Yes | 146 (6.4) | 133 (10.9) | 38 (12.5) | 181 (10.1) | |
Missing | 26 (1.1) | 17 (1.4) | 11 (3.6) | 11 (0.6) | |
Mother works outside home: | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 981 (43.2) | 1018 (83.6) | 231 (76.2) | 1282 (71.5) | |
Yes | 1248 (55.0) | 175 (14.4) | 60 (19.8) | 497 (27.7) | |
Missing | 40 (1.8) | 25 (2.1) | 12 (4.0) | 15 (0.8) | |
Depression subscale: | 2266 | 1218 | 303 | 1793 | < 0.001 |
2.8 (2.2) | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.7 (2.4) | 3.8 (2.2) | ||
Maternal reaction to child’s type 1 diabetes risk: | |||||
Risk perception: | < 0.001 | ||||
Underestimate | 934 (41.2) | 354 (29.1) | 88 (29.0) | 831 (46.3) | |
Accurate | 1331 (58.7) | 863 (70.9) | 213 (70.3) | 962 (53.6) | |
Missing | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.1) | |
Anxiety (STAI): | 2257 35.5 (10.6) | 1218 30.7 (7.8) | 299 36.6 (10.5) | 1787 34.0 (8.6) | < 0.001 |
Belief that child’s type 1 diabetes risk can be reduced: | 2262 4.4 (1.8) | 1218 4.8 (1.7) | 303 4.4 (1.9) | 1793 5.2 (1.4) | < 0.001 |