Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population (N = 99)
All patients | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients, n (%) | 99 (100) | 46 (46.4) | 53 (53.6) | |
Age (y), mean (min–max) | 39.4 (18–85) | 26.5 (18–47) | 50.5 (20–85) | < 0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 36 (36.6) | 18 (39.1) | 18 (33.9) | 0.59 |
BMI (kg/m2)a, mean (min-max) | 20 (14.2–46.8) | 19.9 (14.2–27.7) | 22.0(14.8–46.9) | 0.002 |
Duration of diabetes (year) | 6.3 (0–25) | 4.8 (0–15.3) | 7.5 (0–25) | 0.02 |
Precipitating factor, n (%) | ||||
Non-compliance with treatment | 32(32.3) | 20(43.5) | 12(22.6) | 0.118 |
Infections | 37(37.3) | 14(30.4) | 23(43.4) | |
Newly diagnosed | 17(17.2) | 8(17.4) | 9(17.0) | |
Other major stresses | 7(7.1) | 1(2.2) | 6(11.3) | |
No cause identified | 6(6.1) | 3(6.5) | 3(5.7) | |
Glucose-lowering drug n (%): some patients received more than one drug | ||||
Metformin | 46(46.5) | 7(15.2) | 39(73.6) | < 0.001 |
Sulfonylurea | 31(31.3) | 0(0) | 31(58.5) | < 0.001 |
Thiazolidinedione | 11(11.1) | 2(4.4) | 9(17) | 0.05 |
Insulin | 58(58.6) | 38(82.6) | 20(37.7) | < 0.001 |
Severity of DKA, n (%) | ||||
Mild | 19 (19.2) | 6 (13.0) | 13 (24.5) | < 0.05 |
Moderate | 27 (27.3) | 9 (19.6) | 18 (34.0) | |
Severe | 53 (53.5) | 31 (67.4) | 22 (41.5) | |
Initial laboratory findings, mean (min–max) | ||||
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 490 (250–1243) | 486 (138–1088) | 494 (241–1243) | 0.83 |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 12.4 (8.3–17.5) | 12.3 (8.3–17.5) | 12.4 (8.7–15.8) | 0.83 |
Serum BUN (mg/dL) | 19.9 (5–71) | 19.3 (7–48) | 20.5 (5–71) | 0.60 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.75 (0.27–1.46) | 0.75 (0.27–1.41) | 0.74 (0.35–1.46) | 0.83 |
eGFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min/1.73m2) | 107 (60–194) | 119 (62–194) | 98.5(60–144) | 0.001 |
Effective serum osmolarity (mOsm/kg)b | 291(252–360) | 289(251–316) | 293(252–360) | 0.21 |
Effective serum osmolarity > 320 mOsm/kgbn (%) | 6(6.1) | 0(0) | 6(11.3%) | 0.02 |
Free T4 (ng/dL) (normal range = 0.93–1.71) | 1.2(0.8–4.1) | 1.2(0.8–4.1) | 1.2(0.8–1.9) | 0.27 |
TSH (mIU/L) (normal range = 0.27–4.2) | 1.8(0.05–13.2) | 1.9(0.05–13.2) | 1.9(0.35–5.0) | 0.91 |
Serum Na+ (mmol/L) | 132 (115–158) | 131 (115–146) | 133 (117–158) | 0.19 |
Corrected serum Na+(mmol/L)c | 138 (120–169) | 137(122–151) | 139(120–169) | 0.17 |
Serum K+ (mmol/L) | 4.4 (2.4–7.5) | 4.5 (2.4–7.5) | 4.3 (2.4–6.6) | 0.35 |
Serum Cl− (mmol/L) | 96 (73–127) | 95 (74–113) | 96 (73–127) | 0.59 |
Serum HCO3− (mmol/L) | 9.6 (2.0–23.5) | 8.4 (2.0–18.2) | 10.7 (3.0–23.5) | 0.02 |
Anion gap (mmol/L)d | 26.6 (12.5–42.8) | 27.4 (14.4–42.8) | 25.9 (12.5–41.7) | 0.24 |
pH | 7.18 (6.68–7.42) | 7.14 (6.70–7.41) | 7.21 (6.68–7.42) | 0.02 |
BHB (mmol/L) | 5.9 (3.0–10.6) | 6.0 (3.4–9.0) | 5.8 (3.0–10.6) | 0.55 |
Lactate (mg/dl) | 11.7 (4.9–18.0) | 10.7 (4.9–18.0) | 12.6 (5.6–18.0) | 0.01 |
Time to DKA resolution (h), mean (min–max) | 20.4 (8–64) | 22 (8–64) | 19.1 (8–60) | 0.17 |
Complications during DKA treatment, n (%), events | 50 (50.5), 59 | 21 (45.6), 25 | 29 (54.7), 34 | 0.81 |
Hypoglycemia (blood sugar < 70 mg/dL) | 4 (4.04) | 1 (2.2) | 3 (5.7) | 0.77 |
Hypokalemia (K+ < 3.5 mmol/L) | 44 (44.4) | 21 (45.7) | 23 (43.4) | 0.05 |
Hypernatremia (Na+ > 145 mmol/L) | 11 (11.1) | 3 (6.5) | 8 (15.1) | 0.83 |
Mortality | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Complications at time of DKA resolution, n (%) | ||||
Hypokalemia (K+ < 3.5 mmol/L) | 34 (34.3%) | 17 (37.0%) | 17 (32.1%) | 0.26 |
Hyponatremia (Na+ < 135 mmol/L) | 24 (24.2%) | 12 (26.1%) | 12 (22.6%) | 0.16 |
Hypernatremia (Na+ > 145 mmol/L) | 10 (10.1%) | 2 (4.4%) | 8 (15.1%) | 0.13 |