Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants according to the number of live-birth pregnancies

Age (years)

53.8 ± 7.9^▲□■

60.3 ± 9.0^△□■

67.7 ± 7.1^△▲■

72.0 ± 6.4^△▲□

FBG (mmol/L)

5.73 ± 1.44^▲□■

5.92 ± 1.60^△■

6.08 ± 1.60^△■

6.25 ± 1.77^△▲□

2hPG (mmol/L)

7.24 (6.10,9.17)^▲□■

8.24 (6.70,10.67)^△□■

8.90 (7.29,12.37)^△▲

9.24 (7.51,12.88)^△▲

HbA1c (%)

5.99 ± 0.96^▲□■

6.20 ± 1.04^△□■

6.34 ± 1.08^△▲

6.44 ± 1.29^△▲

TC (mmol/L)

4.68 ± 1.14^□

4.73 ± 1.20

4.85 ± 1.22^△

4.77 ± 1.12

TG (mmol/L)

1.25 (0.89,1.80)^▲□■

1.36 (0.96,2.01)^△

1.42 (1.05,2.09)^△

1.37 (0.97,1.94)^△

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.31 ± 0.35^▲□■

1.26 ± 0.34^△

1.27 ± 0.33^△

1.26 ± 0.32^△

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.61 ± 0.82^□

2.65 ± 0.86

2.73 ± 0.88^△

2.70 ± 0.85

BMI (kg/m²)

23.5 ± 3.2^▲□■

24.3 ± 3.2^△

24.3 ± 3.5^△

24.2 ± 3.5^△

Waist circumference (cm)

80.0 ± 9.8^▲□■

83.2 ± 10.0^△□■

84.8 ± 10.0^△▲

85.3 ± 11.2^△▲

Hip circumference (cm)

92.7 ± 9.2^▲□■

94.4 ± 9.3^△

95.0 ± 8.4^△

95.1 ± 8.8^△

SBP (mmHg)

120.0 ± 18.5^▲□■

126.7 ± 19.4^△□■

133.2 ± 21.3^△▲

134.9 ± 19.2^△▲

DBP (mmHg)

75.3 ± 10.4

76.0 ± 10.4

75.5 ± 11.1

74.6 ± 11.7

Family history of diabetes (%)

23.8%

14.3%

11.7%

7.5%

Age when first gave birth birth

20.6 ± 4.4^■

20.3 ± 4.8^■

20.2 ± 5.2^■

21.6 ± 6.7^△▲□

Menopausal status (Yes/No)

2687/1067

1256/203

585/18

339/2