Table 3 Characteristics of the study population with and without anemia according to sex in diabetes mellitus

Age (years) ^a

57.23 ± 0.42

68.09 ± 0.91

<.0001

61.91 ± 0.45

64.58 ± 1.28

<.0001

 Low

371 (29)

56 (40.6)

0.0031

505 (39)

81 (42.6)

0.4453

 Lower middle

350 (27.4)

39 (28.3)

355 (27.4)

52 (27.4)

 Higher middle

284 (22.2)

24 (17.4)

253 (19.5)

27 (14.2)

 High

274 (21.4)

19 (13.8)

183 (14.1)

30 (15.8)

  ≤ Elementary school

357 (27.9)

47 (34.1)

0.0075

761 (58.7)

134 (70.5)

0.2327

 Middle school

235 (18.4)

13 (9.4)

176 (13.6)

25 (13.2)

 High school

407 (31.8)

55 (39.9)

265 (20.5)

23 (12.1)

  ≥ College

280 (21.9)

23 (16.7)

94 (7.3)

8 (4.2)

 BMI (kg/m²) ^{a, b}

25.1 ± 0.12

23.2 ± 0.31

<.0001

25.69 ± 0.13

25.24 ± 0.64

<.0001

  < 18.5 (underweight)

8 (0.6)

8 (5.8)

<.0001

14 (1.1)

6 (3.2)

0.105

  < 25 (normoweight)

693 (54.2)

101 (73.2)

601 (46.4)

95 (50)

  ≥ 25 (overweight or obese)

578 (45.2)

29 (21)

681 (52.6)

89 (46.8)

 Non−/Ex-smoker

825 (64.5)

106 (76.8)

0.0008

1241 (95.8)

180 (94.7)

0.6657

 Current smoker

454 (35.5)

32 (23.2)

55 (4.2)

10 (5.3)

 No

81 (6.3)

12 (8.7)

0.1235

452 (34.9)

74 (39)

0.4257

 Yes

1198 (93.7)

126 (91.3)

844 (65.1)

116 (61.1)

 Iron intake per day (mg/day)  ^a 

18.09 ± 0.68

14.05 ± 0.61

<.0001

14.18 ± 0.43

11.83 ± 0.78

<.0001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL) ^a

15.27 ± 0.04

11.79 ± 0.12

<.0001

13.51 ± 0.03

11.01 ± 0.09

<.0001

 Serum creatinine (mg/dL) ^a

0.98 ± 0.01

1.68 ± 0.32

<.0001

0.73 ± 0

0.95 ± 0.04

<.0001

 Waist circumference (cm) ^a

88.83 ± 0.32

84.75 ± 0.92

<.0001

86.68 ± 0.33

84.86 ± 1.32

<.0001

 High waist circumference ^b

540 (42.2)

34 (24.6)

0.0002

702 (54.2)

84 (44.2)

0.0068

 HTN ^b

743 (58.1)

98 (71)

<.0001

841 (64.9)

140 (73.7)

0.3057

 Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) ^a

147.17 ± 1.55

124.51 ± 3.24

<.0001

140.5 ± 1.48

136.41 ± 4.53

<.0001

 HbA1c (%) ^a

7.4 ± 0.06

7.08 ± 0.12

<.0001

7.33 ± 0.05

7.41 ± 0.13

<.0001

 Hypertriglyceridemia ^b

417 (32.6)

19 (13.8)

<.0001

302 (23.3)

39 (20.5)

0.6261

 Low HDL cholesterol ^b

519 (40.6)

61 (44.2)

0.4338

847 (65.4)

135 (71.1)

0.3557